Fictional Characters and Insurance Contracts Essay

1. Non-Argument, Piece of Advice, it’s because the statement says â€Å"strongly recommended† which is giving you an advice. 2. Non-Argument, Conditional Statement, it’s because it is an â€Å"if†¦then†¦Ã¢â‚¬  statement. 3. Argument P: Fictional characters behave according to the same psychological probabilities as real people. P: The characters of fiction are found in exotic dilemmas that real people hardly encounter. C: Fiction provides us with the opportunity to ponder how people react in uncommon situations, and to deduce moral lessons, psychological principles, and philosophical insights from their behavior. 4. Non-Argument, Opinion, it’s because the statement is a â€Å"statement of belief† from the words â€Å"I believe† which is also called an opinion. 5. Non-Argument, Report, it’s because it is a group of statements that gives info about some situation or event. 6. Argument P: In every insurance contract there is an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. P: The duty to so act is imminent in the contract whether the company is attending to the claims of third persons against the insured or the claims of the insured itself. C: When the insurer unreasonably and in bad faith withholds payment of the claim of its insured, it is subject to liability in tort. 7. Non-Argument, Expository Passage, it’s because the topic of the sentence develops or elaborates on it. 8. Non-Argument, Description, it’s because the statements makes us imagine of an image of what the statements have written. 9. Non-Argument, Report, it’s because the statements are reported by a certain person. 10. Non-Argument, Illustration, it’s because the statements seem to hide as arguments but the real point is to exemplify the statement.

Effects of Overpopulation in China Essay

This literature review discusses the impacts of overpopulation on the environment in China through four main studies. Each study directed its research on one consequence: the water issue and the aquatic ecosystem, the overexploitation of land and resources as well as the extinction of green land, climate change, GHG emission and desertification of land1. Several methods and sources were used such as Pressure–State–Response (PSR), urban-rural population model or other research papers written previously2. The results of these studies clearly show that the overpopulation has multiple negative impacts on the Chinese environment and that strategies and policies regarding these issues should be established. The population of China is growing exponentially and it is a serious issue because of its impact on the environment. The water deficiency is growing and as it is presented, the expectations of the Chinese people exceed the capacity of the land3. Since the population of China is increasing fast, the urbanization of land and the agricultural development increase at the same rhythm4. As it is presented, human activity and human density are the main explanation for climate change5. According to Shijie Wang’s study, the southwest of China is experiencing a desertification, in other words the land becomes like a desert left with no resources6. Each article presents a different way of conducting its research to prove its point. In Qian Hong et al. research, the methods used to pursue the study are Pressure–State–Response (PSR), the landscape ecology method and Remote Sensing – Global Positioning System (RS-GPS) 7. According to the authors, there are three types of indicators: Pressure indicators, State indicators and Response indicators7. The indicators either presented a high or a low number. If the number is high, it means that the region suffered from important water degradation; if the number is low, it means the opposite7. The analysis of the research is made through a process called Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) that has four specific indicators7. Jianfa Shen’s study uses urban-rural population model to do predictions about the density of the population and is also represented as spatial demographic-economic model 8, whereas Shijie Wang conducted its research by investigating the studied region and by using indicators such as aerial photos and satellite images. He then compares and analyses the results with previous images and researches from the land 9. The only piece of work that did not use any kind of Research method was written by Hung Ming-Te et al. who preferred to write the paper in reference to researches and studies made and scientific predictions 10. One of the most important consequences of overpopulation is the expanding deficiency in water resources. Investigators processed in six districts of China which are part of one region (Jinan) that was recognized for its important source of water, aquatic ecosystem and surface. Due to industrial development and human actions the water condition became polluted and rarer 11. Researchers found that water deficiency and erosion, rainy climate, poor land vegetation, climate change, loss and decrease of agricultural production, which all lead to desertification of land, are all consequences of the activities of the overpopulation 12. Ming-Te et al.’s study presented that the GHG level increased rapidly and the national security is at risk. GHG growing production would also make the lack of water and air pollution worse than it actually is; also they stated that climate change, in addition to being caused by overpopulation, is influenced by poor sustainable development, poor resources management and over-use of energy. This study shows that such changes have impact such as poor water resource and low agricultural production. These consequences engender other concerns such as the lack of food, the decrease in water resources and the desertification of land 13. The conclusions are clear regarding this area, the exceeding use of natural resources is a threat for the environment’s protection and conservation 14. Hong et al. are from the same opinion when they wrote that water condition is getting worse and it affects China’s population’s lifestyle as well as the aquatic ecosystem 15. 10 Hung Ming-Te et al., 363-366 11 Qian Hong et al., 321 12 Shijie Wang et al., 127-129 13 Hung Ming-Te et al., 363-364 14 Jianfa Shen, 39 15 Qian Hong et al., 319 In the field of environment, every single factor is closely related to another one. Each of the four studies shows how the desertification of land, the migration, the exceeding use of resources and the poverty of population are linked. In Wang et al.’s research, poverty is shown to be one of the most devastating causes of desertification because farmers, in order to survive and feed their families, have to increase the production of grains. The overexploitation of the land then leads the land to become rocky 16. According to Shen’s study, agriculture is over-used and China has to import grains to meet the population’s needs 17. The deterioration of the environment and the growth of the land desertification are strongly correlated with the increasing population of this region as well as their activities 18. In reference to Wang et al., Shen and Ming-Te et al.’s studies, since the land is experiencing a phenomenon of desertification because of the exceeding use of agriculture and the high density of population in rural zones, populations are migrating to cities that have already exceeded their capacity in supporting people19. Basically, what Shen is trying to explain is that the construction of urban areas and the overexploitation of lands lead to a decreasing number of green land which causes the environment to deteriorate, because the more people there is, the more resources needed 20. The biggest problem China is facing is the lack of policing and measures adopted regarding the protection of the environment. According to Ming-Te et al., 16 Shijie Wang et al., 131 17 Jianfa Shen, 36 18 Shijie Wang et al., 124 19 Shijie Wang et al., 124-131; Jianfa Shen, 36-39; Hung Ming-Te et al., 363-364 20 Jianfa Shen, 35-36 China’s way of ‘fighting’ against climate change is to invest in the development of sustainable technologies as well as establishing measures and policies regarding the environment 21. Qian Hong et al. specified that the conservation and the protection of water are essential to the survival of the land and aquatic ecosystem 22. The researchers from the two other articles did not write about the policies that should be established to preserve the environment. Studies show that the impacts of overpopulation are multiple and they do affect the ecosystem in China. Shijie Wang et al.’s study proved that the land is overloaded with population growth and has met its capacity. This forced farmers to deforest the land of the Liupanshui district in order for them to increase agricultural production. Also, even though the environment is favorable in this region for such phenomenon to happen, restricted natural resources, overpopulation activities, rapid population growth and social instability make the process happen faster. The consequence of overpopulation’s production of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere exceeds the national average for smelting sulfur by over 13.8 times in some regions such as Bijie and Zunyi which causes air pollution and desertification of land 23. The results of the study conducted in the region of Jinan by Qian Hong et al. clearly showed that this region has the best water condition because of its good conservation of environment, poor population density and important vegetation 24. Hung Ming-Te et al. proved that overpopulation, causing in many ways the change in climate would increase the frequency and strength of natural weather disasters 25. Jianfa Shen suggested that the exceeding use of natural resources due to the increasing density of population is a threat for the environment’s protection and conservation and that people’s lifestyle influences the environment negatively 26.   Bibliography Shen, J. â€Å"China’s Future Population and Development Challenges†. The Geographical Journal 164 no. 1 (1998): 32-40 Hung, M., et al. â€Å"China’s Response to Climate Change: A Policy Analysis.† Journal Of Alternative Perspectives In The Social Sciences 3 no. 2 (2011): 362-375. Wang, S., et al. â€Å"Mechanism of Rocky Desertification in the Karst Mountain Areas of Guizhou Province, Southwest China.† International Review For Environmental Strategies 3 no. 1 (2002): 123-135 Hong, Q., et al. â€Å"Regional aquatic ecological security assessment in Jinan, China†. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 13 no. 3 (2010): 319-327

Market Competition Timing and Risks while entering or exiting a market Essay

Market Competition Timing and Risks while entering or exiting a market - Essay Example The researcher states that for example, Amazon.com started its business as an online bookshop but as gradually the demand for the grocery items had increased, Amazon.com adhering to that demand and started its first online grocery shop. As we see in the case of Monopoly where there are no competitors and therefore firms set a price to maximize profit and gain the first mover advantage. Whereas in a perfect competition there are no entry and exit barriers so the role of time in deciding the entrance or exit from the market is minimal and perfectly competitive firms are free to enter and exit an Industry and so in the case of Monopolistic competition in which there is a relative freedom of entry and exit out of industry but a difference between those two terms is that in Monopolistic competition the firms are not ‘perfectly’ mobile but they remain unrestricted by any government rules and regulations, start-up costs or any substantial barrier to entry which is the total opp osite of Oligopoly in which there are significant barriers to entry where time plays a major role in determining the entry and exit from the market. A firm has to evaluate several factors in order to determine the risks of new entrants and the reasons to exit a market which include â€Å"economies of scale, product differentiation, capital requirements, access to distribution channels, cost disadvantages independent of scale and government policies†... The term Economies of scale refers to increase the production of a commodity due to which the per-unit cost is of a commodity is reduced. This will create a risk for the new entrant firms in a sense that they would have to produce a larger quantity at a lower price. Economies of scale encourage the firms to exit the market that cannot produce the required quantity and it deters the smaller firms from entering into the market. These bigger firms forces the new entrants to either come in on a large scale or to accept a cost disadvantage (Porter, 1979). Product differentiation is a risk for entering into the market because it requires incurring expenditure and great deal of money to make the product differentiate among its competitors. Another type of risk is capital requirement where new entrants are required to invest larger amounts to compete efficiently in an industry; particularly if the capital is required for the research and development. The initial cost to operate can be so lar ge that it restricts all but the larger firms. The capital is not only required for fixed facilities but also for the inventories and absorbing start-up losses. While bigger firms have the financial resources to tap any industry but the huge capital investments in industries such as mineral extraction and computer manufacturing has major risks and limits the pool of entrants. Even the big firms do compete in this trio there is still no guarantee for success. Access to distribution channel is another type of risk in which a firm needs to obtain distribution for the channel and the distributors are not likely to deliver the product until they are paid good incentives and that will lead to profit reduction for the firm. For example, a new food product enters

Cost of Operation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cost of Operation - Research Paper Example The final factor that needs to be bought to one’s attention is flexibility which can be defined as the ability to support a change in business. If a company is not able to control these five operational performance objectives then clearly it won’t be an easy job for it to thrive in this already competitive industry. This essay discusses all these factors in relation to Airblue and gives a clear application of the five operational performance objectives to its business. I chose AirBlue for this assignment in view of the fact that it is one of the most renowned names when it comes to the airline industry and because I felt I would easily be able to explain the effect of these factors on its operations with sufficient detail. Airblue was launched in 2004 when the local market started witnessing an increased demand for high quality travel. The company’s ownership includes a group of top class investors with Mr. Tariq Chaudhary having a majority stake alongside holding the position of CEO and Chairman of the Board of Airblue. The company is registered as a private company and has its registered office in the famous towers of Islamabad Stock Exchange. The airliner has also successfully been able to obtain the IATA and ICAO airline designations. Currently it has a fleet of 14 Airbus A319 and A321 planes. Ever since its launch, the airliner has continually stretched out its operations and fleet in line with an ever escalating demand for the high quality flights it provides. Although initially it served only to customers travelling within Pakistan, the company has now expanded its operations by offering international flights to Manchester, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Oman and Muscat. According to many market analysts, the focal reason for the airline’s success has been its provision for high quality travel at an

Contemporatry social problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Contemporatry social problems - Essay Example The film literally bursts with the theme of racial prejudice as a multi-colored cast careens in and out of the screen to make their presence felt. From the first frame, it already shows a black man sitting with a Hispanic woman, both police officers in a car that got bumped by another. This woman gets insulted by the Chinese lady driving the car that bumped into theirs and calls her a Mexican who â€Å"blakes (translated as brake) too fast†. She, in turn, wields her sword of a tongue to throw back the sarcasm by commenting to the petite Chinese lady that â€Å"Maybe if you see over the steering wheel, you’d blake too!† Indeed, one can’t help but judge one another based on physical appearances and the stereotypes they represent. Same goes for the American gun dealer who gets impatient with foreigners who speak their language in front of him, making him feel left out. Sensing that these Mediterranean customers are Arabs, he snaps at them by saying, â€Å"Play your jihad on your own time†. When the customer reacts angrily, saying he is an American citizen who has the same rights as everyone else, the dealer goes on his offensive oration on how these foreigners have no right to destroy America. He is suggesting that the customers are would-be terrorists, relating it to the â€Å"recent† September 11 terrorist attacks. The man is sent out of the store leaving her daughter behind while the dealer continues his hostile verbalizations. In doing so, he is unaware that he himself is terrorizing a lady. The overly- ethnocentric black car robber who constantly complains about how blacks are being unfairly discriminated upon in L.A. is one example of a self-fulfilling prophecy. He believes that the white server in the restaurant ignored them because they were blacks and because blacks are not known to give tips, proved her right by not leaving a tip at all, justifying that they had poor

Writing two Radio PSAs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing two Radio PSAs - Assignment Example The voices consist of s female and a male. The drama is set in such a way the two actors are holding a discussion, about the discovery of recent research on the effect of smoking on non-smokers. The male character is not aware of the findings of the research and makes it clear to the listeners through asking questions. On the other hand, the female character is energetic and is in control of the discussion. The female character has the details pertaining the cause of lung cancer in non-smokers. The drama is set to take place in a radio studio where there are no noises apart from background music that is fading away at a distance. Silence is used as a gap between scenes to mark the end of a scene. The scenes will end abruptly that will come as a shock to listeners to act as a way of excitement to obtain total attention from the listeners. The silence will take about 2 seconds. The drama ends with both voices agreeing that a no smoking population leads to a long life. The PSAs is a health discussion presented to a radio station by a not-for-profit organization. The not-for-profit body advocates against smoking that leads to death of many people both smokers and non-smokers. The issue of smoking affects both the young and the old in the society. The storyline is follows a group of family members taking a trip to an island to celebrate the success of their business. The drama consists of different sound effects and music at the end of the PSAs. The PSAs targets people between the age of teenagers and adults. In addition, it aims to attract people from both genders that is male and females. In addition, the main audience of the PSAs is from middle and high class in the society. Moreover, the PSAs does not discriminate against any religious background. The sound effects vary according to the preceding statement of the PSAs. In addition, the sound effects are put in between the voice of the announcer. It will

Multiple intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Multiple intelligence - Essay Example For example, linguistic intelligence is primarily the ability to read, write, and speak effectively, which is of prime importance in career fields such as teaching, journalism and psychology. Similarly, each type of intelligence is the fountainhead of certain specific skills and abilities, which point towards definite career options.The author then goes on to illustrate how the Multiple Intelligence theory can be used in the teaching-learning process and proceeds to highlight the benefits of the use of Multiple Intelligence teaching practices in helping to make students meaningful learners. The Multiple Intelligence theory pre-supposes that each child has his or her own strengths and his or her own way of learning. This makes the Multiple Intelligence theory better suited to individual needs upon implementation. Accordingly, a child with superior kinesthetic intelligence must be taught with more hands-on activities, while a child with better spatial intelligence will learn faster and better with maps, diagrams and other visual inputs. He cites the example of the New City School in St Louis that has applied this theory successfully. The school keeps Multiple Intelligence in mind while developing its curriculum, during classroom instruction and finally at the time of assessment. It has been found that these students average good scores in subsequent standardized tests. The author then gives us a brief glimpse of how he plans to implement the Multiple Intelligence theory in agricultural education. Agricultural education being multifaceted, the possibilities are endless. The author would like to instruct his students through presentations, speech contests, quiz bowls and the like. Lastly, the author discusses the limitations of this theory and also touches briefly on the implementation problems that the theory might pose for educators. Critique The theory of Multiple Intelligence presents interesting possibilities in classroom application. In fact, it "opens up eight different potential pathways to learning" (Armstrong T). It suggests that teachers present their lessons in a wide variety of ways using music, cooperative learning, art activities, field trips, role play, pictures, multimedia etc. This will help teachers to reach out to students who have different types of intelligence to go beyond conventional linguistic and logical methods and choose the learning tool they want. Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligence helps teachers, school administrators and parents' to understand the learners better. However, only the very conscientious of teachers will be able to apply it on a regular basis. A teacher will have to be truly and deeply interested in children to understand how their minds are different from one another's. Anne Guignon, in her article on Multiple Intelligence, refers to Linda Campbell, who has outlined five ways in which the Multiple Intelligence theory can be implemented. These are: - Lesson design. In this the teacher may even focus on his or her own intelligence strengths. Interdisciplinary units. Here two or more units may be combined. Student projects. Students can initiate and execute their own projects depending upon their individual abilities. Assessments. Assessments ca be devised to test Multiple Intelligence. Students can be allowed to devise the way they want to be assessed. Apprenticeships. Apprenticeships will enable students to work with their specific abilities. One cannot discount the use of technology in the classroom, as one of

Athletes and their Impacts on Endorsement of Sportswear Literature review

Athletes and their Impacts on Endorsement of Sportswear - Literature review Example Others include prominent businessmen and politicians. Apart from their careers and appearances in events, celebrities act as spokesmen for different brands in their promotion (Kambitsis et al. 2002, p. 160). This paper will analyze the effect of celebrity (athlete) endorsements in sportswear marketing on the consumer's perception of the product and overall purchasing decision. â€Å"A celebrity endorser is a person who is known by the public for his or her achievements in areas other than that of the product class he or she is endorsing† (Friedman & Friedman 1979, p. 63). This is one of the forms of celebrities that are use by companies in order to promote their products. The reason for use of celebrities is engrained in the influence that they command be it on a national or international stage. Sportsmen and women in particular have been utilized for promotion of a wide range of products most of which include sportswear and energy drinks. Athletes compared to ordinary people have a higher chance of commanding attention. Solomon (2002, p. 50) asserts that the perception that consumers get from brands being endorsed by celebrities is that they are interesting. This is also accompanied by a feeling of connection and positivity with the brands. There is a guarantee that the use of celebrities in promotional ventures will elicit a positive attitude towards the brands and in turn will affect the intentions to purchase. The main reason why people advertise is to persuade customers to buy their products. The whole purpose is pegged on the capability of the producers to alter the attitudes of the consumers. As persuasion is the pillar of this process, credibility in advertisements must be projected for the brand to receive the necessary attention. Athletes especially project trustworthiness, persuasiveness, expertise and objectiveness when used in advertisements (Till & Shimp 1998, p. 72). The customers are also attracted to the brands due to the attractiveness of the personality who is its spokesperson. The attractiveness is classified according to the person?s physical appearance, the relation that can be drawn with the consumer, likeability and the personality. Although the use of athletes is reliant on their skills, some of them are utilized because of their physical appearance that is not so much on the physical attractiveness but on the physique. Ohanian (1991, p. 52) asserts that the use of attractive celebrities as spokespeople is more effective than the use of others who are not as attractive. A halo effect is assumed where the excellence of a person in one direction is associated with excellence in another. An example is that the physical attractiveness of a person being related to coolness or happiness. There is an interaction between the brand and the spokesperson endorsing it. Friedman and Friedman (1979, p. 60) assert that â€Å"a famous relative to a ‘normal’ spokesperson is more effective for products high in psychological or social risk, involving such elements as good taste, self-image, and opinion of others.† There are numerous studies that have been done with the aim of examining the effectiveness that celebrities have as brand spokespeople. Martin (1996, p. 32) conducted such a study that there are those endorsements that performed exemplarily whereas others miserably failed. Michael Jordan’

In your professional judgment, what is an example of an outstanding Term Paper

In your professional judgment, what is an example of an outstanding strategic decision or what is an example of a failed strateg - Term Paper Example Include the source(s) of your information within your contribution in the sentences. Be very specific. Use  single  space block form for your contribution with double spacing between paragraphs.   In explaining the strategic approach that you consider a success or a failure, you should answer the following questions:   1. Which of the stages of strategic management in action (page 30 of Coulter) initiated the success or failure of the strategy? Was it a good/bad idea from the beginning?   2. What does the organization perceive as its competitive advantage (page 31 of Coulter)? How was this affected by the strategy in question?   3. What driving force or which driving forces of the new business environment (pages 36-44 of Coulter) assisted or helped defeat the strategy in question?   4. How did external opportunities and threats affect the success or failure of the strategy in question (Chapter 3 of Coulter)?   You may decide to choose a public organization (e.g. unive rsity such as Northwest or a public hospital center). Whether you choose a for-profit organization or a not-for-profit organization, explain the situation clearly and completely as possible. Refer to the Coulter text in your explanation.   This particular instance, the focus was on to find inquisitive insight about a strategy decision that a company had to implement in order to survive in the fast-paced environment of the corporate world. One of the interesting issues relating to this was the decision of Blue Cross Blue Shield demanding a hospital to cut its overhead cost. Without prior knowledge and being subjective, one would think that the insurance company is at fault. However, one cannot make that judgment without understanding the complexity of the issue at hand. Blue Cross Blue Shield was faced with a dilemma. As an insurance business, the company must made essential strategy decisions that impact its future growth. In this particular scenario, the company did benchmark tes ting and determined that the rate the hospital charges the company is too high within the hospitals at its region. Blue Cross determined that the hospital should cut its cost by 10% through any means possible. This is partly due to the fact that the company was losing money as it had an obligation to pay its patient’s premiums. Undoubtedly, the hospital responded by adequately cutting its costs. This was beneficial for both companies as it not only build a solid relationship and enabled the companies to diminish unnecessary costs. Moreover, it enabled Blue Cross Blue shield to give better discount rates to hospitals, doctor groups, members and enabled them to compete in a very competitive environment. If the company did not make the strategic decision, it would have given hospital the leverage to go in a market and attract another insurance company. Since Blue Cross Blue Shield targets large groups, it seemed sufficient for the company to challenge the traditional rates of th e hospital. If it failed to do so, it would have lost a small majority of its members in the network which would have made the company suffer in overall long-term profits. Strategic decision making is defined as set of alternate decisions that affect key factors which impacts the success of an organization’s strategy. Strategic decisions differ from Tactical decisions because tactical decisions are based on day to day implementation which requires several steps to reach a particular strategy. Blue Cross Blue s

Computer Sciences and Information Technology Research Paper

Computer Sciences and Information Technology - Research Paper Example Computer science focuses on creating new concepts around the implementation and design of computing systems. Computer science incorporates mathematical concepts of computation as well as information. Further, Clark French (1) mentioned science can be described as the systematic study of the feasibility, expression, structure, and mechanization of the methodical procedures, also known as algorithms. These serve as the foundations for the gathering, processing, representation, communication, storage, and access to relevant data, irrespective of such gathered data is encoded in bytes or bits within the computer’s memories or just transcribed in the proteins and genes structure of the Human cellular structure. The main goal of computer science is to determine the best data processing systems computers can be efficiently and effectively automated and set into motion. Clark French (44) mentions computer science creates programs that improve the computer users’ output. With th e use of accounting software, the accountant’s prior tedious pencil and paper job is reduced by simply encoding the daily transactions. The accounting software will automatically perform all the other steps in the accounting cycle. The accounting software presents a balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows as well as breakdowns of receivables, breakdowns of payable amounts, and other accounting information, with just the click of a mouse. The picture development shop can use computer software such as Adobe Photoshop to enhance the output of the camera pictures. The researcher can use the Adobe reader to read pdf files uploaded on the internet. Computer science focuses on how the computer works. The focus includes determining which computer programs will work and which computer programs should be discarded. The computer scientists study which algorithms will produce an end product that is logical, realistic, and saves the computer usage time and money. The comp uter scientists implement the best algorithms that will offer a true as well as an efficient answer to a concrete or real-life problem. The computer scientists create computer program languages such as FoxPro, database III, word, and excel, photoshop, adobe reader, to ensure the specification as well as expression of the established algorithms (Toledo 47). The computer scientists design, build, as well as evaluate current and future computer operating software that can both effectively and efficiently perform prescribed program specifications. The computer scientists implement the preferred algorithm structures to significant software application domains. Michael Huth (259) insists the computer science student creates programs that will lessen the professional’s job. The medical doctor can trust the encoded computer report of the medical transcriptionist. The architect can use AutoCAD architect software to draw the minute details of a house or building. The car driver can use the computer system of the car to determine whether step on the gas or step on the brakes. Michael Huth (213) Computer scientists enter rewarding careers in many fields. One of the fields is software engineering. Another field of specialization is system administration. Another influential field is system management. A favorite field is a research and development to help the government in its drive to improve the lives of the constituents. Some of the computer scientists work in other related areas.  

Popular magazine Essay Example for Free

Popular magazine Essay The concept behind this method is concerned with signs and in particular three different component parts, signified, signifier and sign. To help in the explanation of these terms it will be useful to examine a recent advert taken from a popular magazine. One such advert within a current publication of OK magazine illustrates a woman smiling having used a certain brand of washing powder to clean clothes; the headline states Another load of your mind. (OK, 2002, p65) Within this particular advert the signifier would be the washing powder. The signified however would relate to the headline as another job done, whereas the sign would suggest that washing powder equals happy family with clean clothes, time to do other jobs around the house and its a mothers job to worry about dirty washing. However if this is the meaning then how was it arrived at because this particular advert does not state what is conveyed above. It may be that semiotics recognises that viewers interact with material presented, they do not just take it at face value, and they bring other meanings they may have encountered elsewhere in the social world. Indeed in support of this argument Kline tells us that for advertising to create meaning the observer has to do some work. (Kline, 1990, p202) Without denying this advert could have different signs for different individuals there may be a case here whereby advertisers are not reinforcing gender stereotypes, it is the reader bringing their own social background or life experience to the reading of the advertisement therefore reinforcing their own stereotypes. Williamson makes the point that although peopleinvent adverts these adverts do not claim to speak for them. (Williamson, 1978, p13) Therefore the interpretations individuals bring may be governed by codes and constraints within our social lives that may well affect the way adverts are constructed and presented Ideology is a code that is arguably influential on how adverts are put together and can change over time. For example if one looks at advertising of the 40s and 50s there was possibly many more obvious signs of hierarchy between the sexes. Indeed in many of the adverts used by Goffman in his gender advertisements publication, men were seen as breadwinners working outside of the home and women were seen as homemakers and carers with no indication of an occupation. Incidentally he defines ideology as a meaning made necessary by the conditions of society while helping to perpetuate those conditions. In other words leading people to believe certain values to gain agreement in an objective, in this case gender roles. (Goffman, 1979, p28-82) To reiterate this position Winship takes the argument a stage further and states that it is the ideology of patriarchy with its structures of domination that sets up inequality. (Winship, 1980, p17) so for Winship there is an influence of a ruling ideology that affects many facets of social life- beauty, sexuality and independence etc- that advertisers are bound to use because within that ruling ideology, society would expect or demand different roles from individuals therefore advertisers would reflect this. If however advertisers and individuals are constrained by a ruling ideology that again suggests that individuals have lost or never had the ability to think for themselves. Indeed akin to a hypodermic model whereby people are injected-metaphorically speaking- with information that does not get processed and comes out exactly as it went in. Gender stereotyping in advertising is therefore very subjective in that whatever way we measure and analyse the subject it must be stressed that we have the ability to disagree with any message that is conveyed by advertisers. Through the use of semiotics we can build up a picture of what is behind the images we are confronted with. By the same degree content analysis can give one the idea that the result is conclusive. However no method is perfect and in the same way it can be useful it can also be misleading as has been shown above. When one is also faced with the argument of ideology within advertising it is akin with all aspects of social life. It is true to say we follow rules and regulation in our every day social lives that may constrain some of our actions, in the same way that advertisers are constrained by bodies such as the BSC. However in the same way we are constrained, we are also protected by the same ideology, therefore we have some powers available to disagree with, contest and challenge messages or actions deemed unfair or stereotypical. As a result it is difficult to establish whether adverts reinforce gender stereotypes or if indeed we do that perfectly well for ourselves.

Debate on a GP Fee Policy

Debate on a GP Fee Policy Essay Question: What do you think about the prospect of a $5 fee to see a GP? The topic of a $5 patient co-payment for GP visits is an ongoing debate that is currently being argued from individuals to health care providers. Under this proposal, pensioners and concession card holders are exempted, and families are allowed 12 bulk billed visits before co-payment applies. So, why would the government slug patients with a $5 co-payment for GP visits? The Australian Centre for Health Research (ACHR, 2013) claims that by implementing this proposal, the government would save an approximate $750 million over 4 years and that the co-payment proposal would: Reduce avoidable demand for GP services Reduce incentives for GPs to over-service Remind people GPs are not free Reduce moral hazard risk by making people consider visiting a GP for minor ailments Remind people that maintaining good health is an individual’s responsibility However in order to take a stance, it is important to first understand Health. Should Health be a right, or is it a privilege? If Health is a privilege, health insurance would only support emergencies and not day-to-day healthcare maintenance, which would be detrimental to those in financial hardship (J L. Marshall, 2011). Hence, Health should be a right, a right â€Å"based on need and not the ability to pay†, where everyone can have equal accessibility and treatment to health care, which is why the $5 co-payment should not proceed (Public Health Association Australia, 2011). Expenditures and efficiency So why does the government intend to cut expenses from the health sector through a co-payment? Are we spending too much? According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare AIHW (2013), total health care expenditure in 2011-2012 amounted to $140.2 billion, which is 7.6% higher compared to the previous year (AIHW, 2013). Since GP visits are covered by Medicare, which is funded by the Government and through a levy, GP visits would be included in this $140.2 billion. However, it was reported that the total Medicare expenditure was $16.3 billion in 2010-2011, â€Å"total† meaning that it included GP visit along with various services covered by Medicare Benefits Schedule – MBS (Australian Government – Department of Human Resources, 2011). Thus, it is reasonable to consider that Medicare is only a small portion of the total expenditure. According to The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Australia’s health expenditure stands at $3800 per person, which is 8.9% of the Gross Domestic Product – GDP. In comparison, USA’s health expenditure per capita was $8508 per person, or 17.7% of GDP. Does this perhaps mean that life expectancy in USA is better due to the extra cost to health care? This does not seem to be the case, but rather statistics demonstrates that the highly privatised health care system is inefficient as shown in Figure 1. From Figure 1, by comparing USA to Australia or Canada, it shows that USA has a slightly lower life expectancy, but the health spending is almost double the figures of Australia and Canada’s. It should be noted that both Australia and Canada have universal health care systems in contrast to the privatised health care in USA. Given that a privatised system is evidently less efficient but yet costs more for individuals, would it then be wise to implement the co-payment, a move seen by many as a means to slowly â€Å"dismantle† Medicare (C King, 2014)? According to Catherine King (2014), the government would reduce expenditure for healthcare by means testing Medicare, but Australians will have to carry the tab. Means testing access to primary healthcare will lead to greater privatisation, which will restrict access to GPs for most Australians, more so on older people, the vulnerable ones in our population and families with children (C King, 2014). King (2014) states that â€Å"GPs are the cheapest within health systems, experts at diagnosis and able to detect potential health issues in their infancy†. Thus, if GPs are restricted, people would end up in hospitals, the expensive side of the health care system, increasing the expenditure rather than saving. Reduce avoidable demand for GP services Besides the intention of cutting costs for health care, one of the reasons provided by the ACHR for the co-payment proposal was to reduce avoidable demand (over usage) of GP services. However, the solution to this issue would not be to introduce a $5 co-payment for GP visits, as there are concerns that the co-payment would â€Å"jeopardise equitable access to clinically appropriate healthcare† (J Swan, 2013). This can be explained with a few questions by considering the targeted audience and the effects of the solution: According to J Swan’s article â€Å"John Glover voices fears GP fee will make poor suffer† (2013), Professor Glover, who led Australias most detailed analysis on the relationship between a persons wealth and their willingness to visit a doctor, states that there is â€Å"very strong† evidence that poorer people are already under using healthcare in proportion to their level of illness. Through his analysis, it is shown that only 5% of residents who lives among Sydney’s wealthiest neighbourhoods – Mosman, Woollahra and Hunters Hill, claimed they had delayed medical consultation due to financial issues. In contrast to less wealthy areas, Penrith had 13.5%; Nambour 23.4% and Ballarat had 17.9% residents claiming they would delay visiting doctors due to cost. From these statistics, it is clear that the poor would be most affected. John Glover, director of the public health information development unit at the University of Adelaide describes that the $5 co-payment for doctor visits would â€Å"discourage the wrong group of people from visiting the doctor while doing nothing to dissuade those who are already over using GP services† (J Swan, 2013). The co-payment would cause those likely to get seriously ill to unreasonably avoid preventative care which is a step towards reducing what we have as a universal healthcare system privatisiation (J Swan, 2013). Disadvantage to certain group of people (delay seeking medical help) Would the $5 co-payment disadvantage certain groups of people? The co-payment would have dangerous consequences for the poorest and sickest This then comes down to the issue of cost and equity. Health Program director of Grattan Institute, Stephen Duckett states that â€Å"In the healthcare system theres a trade-off between costs and equity, the government might save money in the short-term at the cost of equity, but Emergency departments would soon fill up with patients delaying to visit GPs† (J Swan, 2013). Clogging up ED (caused by delay in seeking aid from primary health care) Potentially preventable hospitalisations (PPH) have been defined as those hospitalisations which could have been avoided with access to quality primary care and preventative care. Rates of PPH for selected conditions, such as chronic conditions and vaccine preventable conditions are being used nationally and internationally as an indirect measure of problems with access to care and effective primary care. In contrast it is well established that hospital admissions can be prevented by primary care. Australian data show that there are around 33 hospitalisations per 1000 people per year or 10% of hospitalisations could be prevented by effective primary care5. These primary care preventable hospital admissions are increasing in recent years. The ACHR report suggests that the introduction of a co-payment will reduce all GP attendances, both those regarded as necessary, and those that are perceived as unnecessary1. There are inadequate data to know how this will affect hospital admissions. However, the co-payment may increase rather than reduce overall government health expenditure. I support the reasoning provided by ACHR for the introduction of co-payment to remind people that maintaining good health is an individual’s responsibility, which requires investments in comprehensive primary health care (Public Health Association Australia (2011). I also support the overall aim that health care expenditures must be properly managed, to ensure an accessible, equitable, safe, effective and efficient health service provision (Public Health Association Australia, 2011). However, introducing co-payments for GP visits is just one of many solutions available to reduce Health expenditures. Is it a good solution for the reasons provided by ACHR? In my opinion, I do not think it is a good solution. The co-payment would disadvantage the poor, ill and families with children greatly. It is an inefficient method not only to increase health care funding, but ineffective mechanism for reducing demand. The introduction of a co-payment for GP visits is a regressive move toward s a privatised system. Given that a privatised system has been shown to be inefficient, â€Å"means testing and privatisation would only spell the end of Medicare and it’s not how the government should manage health expenditure† (C King, 2014). It is my belief that this proposal has been inadequately investigated and more research would reveal better options to constrain health expenditure while encouraging individual responsibility for health. If further investigation are to be carried out, I would strongly recommend the government look into the management of successful countries with universal health care system such as Canada; or they could make slight adjustments to the Medicare levy, which would help increase health funding as well. References: Jonathan Swan (2013, December 31). â€Å"John Glover voices fears GP fee will make poor suffer†. Retrieved 13 March 2014, from http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/john-glover-voices-fears-gp-fee-will-make-poor-suffer-20131231-304go.html#ixzz2p8w8aZ3vAs Australian Centre for Health Research (2013, October 18). â€Å"A PROPOSAL FOR AFFORDABLE COST SHARING FOR GP SERVICES FUNDED BY MEDICARE† Retrieved March 18, 2014, from http://www.cormorant.net.au/images/18%20oct%202013%20achr%20gp%20copayment%20paper%20final.pdf Sue Dunlevy (2013, December 29). â€Å"Health groups fear $5 GP will hit hospital emergency departments†. News Corp Australia Network. Retrieved 18 March 2014, from http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/health-groups-fear-5-gp-fee-will-hit-hospital-emergency-departments/story-fneuz9ev-1226791543887 John L. Marshall (2011, February 3). â€Å"Is Healthcare a Right or a Privilege?†. Retrieved 20 March 2014, from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/736705 Public Health Association Australia (2011, September). â€Å"Policy-at-a-glance – Primary Health Care Policy†. Retrieved 20 March 2014, from http://www.phaa.net.au/policyStatementsInterim.php#p Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW, 2013). â€Å"Health expenditure Australia 2011–12†. Health and welfare expenditure series no. 50. Cat. no. HWE 59. Canberra: AIHW. Australian Government – Department of Human Resources (2011, July 8). â€Å"Medicare Australia Annual Report 2010-11†. Retrieved 25 March 2014, from http://www.humanservices.gov.au/spw/corporate/publications-and-resources/annual-report/resources/1011/medicare-australia-annual-report-2010-11-full-report.pdf OECD (2013). â€Å"Health at a Glance 2013: OECD Indicators†. OECD Publishing. Retrieved 5 April 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2013-en Catherine King (2014, February 24). â€Å"GP co-payment would man the end of Medicare†. Retrieved 7 April 2014, from http://www.alp.org.au/gp_co_payment_would_mean_the_end_of_medicare What are the equity arguments against the proposal? Unfair to poor and frequently ill people What are the literatures from overseas on this topic? Supporting evidence: University of Adelaide expert on health inequality Professor John Glover Report: The cost of care One in seven Australians has delayed seeking medical help because of cost, with Queenslanders more than twice as likely to find cost a barrier than people in NSW. Increased Ambulatory Care Copayments and Hospitalizations among the Elderly Amal N. Trivedi (M.D., M.P.H) increasing the patients share of the cost for ambulatory care may not reduce (or may even increase) total health care spending and may result in worse health outcomes. Elderly patients may be particularly sensitive to cost sharing because they have lower incomes, are more likely to be in poor health, and have greater out-of-pocket spending on health care than nonelderly populations In conclusion, increasing copayments for ambulatory care reduced the use of outpatient care among elderly enrollees in managed-care plans, but this decline was offset by an increase in hospitalizations, particularly among enrollees with low socioeconomic status and those with chronic disease. Increasing copayments for ambulatory care among elderly patients may have adverse health consequences and may increase spending for health care. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmsa0904533#t=articleTop accessed date 13/3/2014 intro (250) para 1 (650) para 2 (650) para 3 (650) conclu (350) (2550)

The International Schools in the uae

The International Schools in the uae The United Arab Emirates International School is a well established educational trust, which wants to open an international school in Oman, knowing that there is now an opening for international schools in the educational sector. This Research will include important analysis for the United Arab Emirates International School to use in order for them to learn about the international schools in Oman, like the environment surrounding them which is Political, Economical, Social and Technological factors and also known as the PEST Analysis. Other than that the people that can have an effect and impact on the business will be included as part of the analysis, like customers, suppliers, substitutes, new entrants and competitors and also known as the Porters Five Forces. So by conducting these analysis and learning them the company will then be able to find out their opportunities and threats which are part of the SWOT Analysis including the Strengths and Weaknesses. These analyses will be me asured for three different cities and three different regions which are Muscat City in Muscat Region, Sohar City in Batna Region and Buraimi City in Dhahra Region. Then finally we will be able to give the United Arab Emirates International School recommendations. Definition PEST analysis is a technique used to identify, assess and evaluate external factors affecting the performance of an organization. A PEST analysis is undertaken to help an organization gain an understanding of the wider business environment and may be carried out as part of an ongoing process of environmental analysis or scanning. The aim is to provide information to assist those responsible for strategy development and decision making. PEST analysis may be used in the context of overall organizational strategy or more specifically to evaluate the feasibility of a new product or service, or expansion into a new market. (http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-5221632/Carrying-out-a-PEST-analysis.html) Advantages of PEST analysis. PEST analysis: * provides an understanding of the wider business environment * encourages the development of strategic thinking * may raise awareness of threats to an organizations ongoing profitability * can help an organization to anticipate future difficulties and take action to avoid or minimize their effect * can help an organization to spot business opportunities and exploit them successfully. It helps the firm in many ways, its important that environmental analysis is carried out before entering into the industry. PEST analysis is a helpful method of summarizing the external environment in which a business operates. Nevertheless, it should follow up by considering how a business should act in response to these influences. (http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-5221632/Carrying-out-a-PEST-analysis.html) Political and legal factors: Political factors are rules and regulations that are made by the government that has a direct impact on the business. These rules affect the daily running of the business when it comes to policies and regulations. We believe that the school should take into consideration the following political factors: Employment Laws: Every country has its rules and regulations for a new foreign organization entering the country to establish its business, when talking about rules and regulations for example Omanization the countrys rule is that these foreign companies must recruit Omani citizens as employees to help reduce the unemployment in the country and to gain experience from the foreign employees as well, in addition to that local partnership is one of the rules that a foreign owner must take in consideration which is also called (Foreign Trade Regulations). Speaking of international schools in Oman SABIS of Muscat is one of the schools that are owned by both a foreign and local partners. Government Stability: Because there is no war in Oman the government is stabled, secure and safe and not much of a change with the government. There are many foreign and local companies opening up in Oman, there are many international schools existing in Oman for example the AMERICAN BRITISH ACADEMY (ABA) if the government was not stabled then these types of schools wont exist because of the constant changes with the government therefore there will be less or no foreigners living in Oman. It is absolutely safe for any foreign organization to establish its business in Oman. Economical Factors: All businesses are affected by economical factors nationally and globally. Whether an economy is in a boom, recession or recovery will also affect consumer confidence and behavior. Equally economic factors affect the purchasing power of potential customer, and the state of the internal/external economy in the short and long-term. The unit may need to consider: Unemployment: Oman has been encouraging Omanisation to reduce the level of unemployment in the country. By the entrance of the International school from the UAE into Oman, it will play a role in reducing the unemployment and providing more jobs for local Omanies. Disposable income: Oman is facing a boom in the economy due to the surplus they are getting from oil sales. Accordingly consumer spending is high. With higher consumer spending, an increase of demand will show up. This demand will have to be satisfied. For that reason, the International school will have the chance to satisfy this increasing of demand. Socio-cultural Factors: social factors will include the demographic changes, trends in the way people live and think. Moreover, it also includes the cultural aspects of the macro environment. These factors influence customer needs and the size of potential markets (inside and outside of the International school). Lifestyle changes: by time the life style in Oman changed and is continuing to change. People have different views over many things such as: Education. Many years ago there were no private schools in the country and girls were made to stay at home and look after their parents. As time passes by, things changed. Omani citizens thinking have changed. They started sending all their kids to school, in order to gain education. In addition, when private schools opened up in Oman, families didnt mind sending their despite the mixture of both male and female. Moreover, Omani families started going out and eating out more often. Population: its the number of people in the country, when it comes to that the population in Oman is on the rise. Companies and organizations take population in consideration, because it means that people increase and the needs increase too. For example, for schools increase in the population of a country or a city means increase in number of students every year. The Chart below is an example of the rise in population in Oman. Educational levels: the level of education throughout the years has increased tremendously, and the demand of International schools in some parts of Oman is high, due to the increase of foreigners in the country for work purposes. Technological factors: technological factors are vital for competitive advantage, and are the major driver of change and efficiency. Technological factors can for example lower barriers to entry and reduce minimum efficient production level. New technology has an impact on changing the way business operates. The Internet has the most effect on the strategy of organizations. New discoveries and development: the advancement in technology has been beneficial to the International school in the industry. Due to technology the administrative staff can now access to the Internet 24 hours a day comfortably from their homes. Another advantage that technology has given the International school industry is the ability to reduce their costs as new machinery is now available for them to reduce their paper work and also reduce the time wasted. In fact the Internet allows the managers of the International school to use video conferencing to keep up to date with their other branches without to physically go there. This technological revolution means a faster exchange of operating environment. (http://www.btinternet.com/~katrina.severn/avce/PESTAnalysis.pdf) After looking at all four PEST analyses we believe that Sohar is the best place to open an international school due to the increasing of population by both local and foreigners. Also adding to that Oman tend to have a political stability due to the ruling of the Sultan rather the change of government, economical Oman is stable at the moment sine they are at the boom due to the surplus of the oil sales but this does not mean it will remain stable forever things might change if there was a decrease in oil prices. The socio- cultural in Oman is defiantly on the change to the better people are moving forward and want the best for themselves and families. We have identified earlier PEST analysis which includes the external environment and it was concluded that the environment was in a favorable condition for the UAE International School to enter the Omani market. However, we must consider the internal environment. These factors are within the control of the organizational members, to do so a Porters Five Forces analysis must be carried out. Porters Five Forces Analysis: Porters five forces model is a framework that describes how an industry grows, behaves and responds to five primary external and internal forces. The Porter 5 forces model is a framework for understanding the underlying structure of an industry or business segment, built around the five primary and dominating competitive forces that affect the short, intermediate and long-term effects of an industrys size, strength, vitality, and profitability. The value of the 5 Forces model and subsequent analyses is to help understand and predict the behavior of the industry, and most importantly, the actions of rival companies. (http://drivedemand.com/logo.html) There are five vital forces which have been introduced by Michael Porter for the analysis, these are: The threat of New Entry: The possibility of new firms entering the industry impacts competition. The threat of Substitution: as those products that are available in other industries that meet an identical or similar need for the end user. Supplier Power: An industry that produces goods requires raw materials. The power of the suppliers to drive up the prices of your input. Buyer Power: The power of buyers describes the impact customers have on an industry. Competitive Rivalry: the strength of competition in the industry. Threat of New Entry: Competition in an industry will be higher if entry into the industry is easy; therefore barriers to entry are there to protect the high levels of profits. Barriers reduce the rate of entry of new firms in order to allow the existing firms to enjoy levels of the profits. Product Differentiation: since there are very little or no product differentiation in the International Schools industry, new entrants may feel that competition will be strong and profits will be hard to earn. Capital Costs: Any normal person will find it hard to come up with the costs required to open an International School, as it is hard to find and buy a land large enough to accommodate such requirement. They would also have to pay suppliers for the initial stock, employees, etc. Capital costs are unbelievable high for this type of industry since initially large amount would be needed to buy land, resources, advertisement, etc. Economic of Scale: this refers to the decline in unit costs of a product or a service that occurs as the absolute volume of production per period of time increases. Economics of scale gives the International School competitive advantage as they can price their fees at a lower price than the others, and a new entrant will find it hard to compete with the low prices. This is because there is no product differentiation so competitors must compete in terms of price. Threat of substitutes: Substitutes are goods or services that satisfy the same customer needs. A threat from substitutes exists if alternative products with lower prices and better value satisfy the same need. In the International School Industry the substitutes will be the competitors. The threats of substitutes are determined by factors such as: Customer Relationship: it is important to build a good relationship with the customers to prevent them from moving on to the substitutes, if a customer were to feel that he/she has a better relationship with a certain school than the others then that customer is more likely to go the particular school than the others. Supplier Power: It is important for The UAE International School to obtain the resources that is needed for them to successfully operate the school, therefore it is crucial for them to have a good relationship with their suppliers. Moreover, for the UAE International School to succeed, they must try to reduce the power of their supplier, because the higher the bargaining power the supplier, the higher will be the price of resources. Buyer Power: Buyer Power is the power of customers to drive down your prices. If we look in the terms of the UAE International School, the buyers would be the customers that come to them and they have great power over the UAE International School, then the school will be forced to lower their selling price. Two factors of buyer power are included as examples, which are: Brand identity: Is how the company wants the consumer to perceive the image of their product. The buyer has a power when it comes to brand identity its because they choose the brand that satisfies them the most. So if the brand in your company does not satisfy consumers then youll either have to lower your prices or lose the consumer. For example, if the UAE International School does not offer branded items to their customers, while Muscat International School offers branded items, then most of the buyers will choose the branded school. Threat of Backward Integration: This is when the buyer changes from buying your product to buying your competitors product even though they are similar. The reasons of this maybe the price or the quality of the product and so on. So in this case the buyer has power over the supplier. For example, if the buyer compares between two international school like Muscat International and Sabis, they may find that the price differs in both schools, where Muscat International School might be cheaper, so the buyers would definitely go for Muscat International School. So the UAE International School will have to consider the competitors price and try to offer lower or the same price or better quality, and they would also have to consider the needs of the buyers and try to reach their satisfaction. Competitive Rivalry: The intensity of the competition between exciting firms in the industry can be analyzed. It is important for the school to know the number of its competitors such as: Azzan Bin Qais Private School, Muscat International School, Sultan Private School, Sabis International School and Sohar International School. Since the products are likely to be the same (homogenous), the UAE International School will have to find a way to offer something different to its competitors. High competition results in prices and margins thus, the profitability of the industry. Product Differentiation: this is when the customers are made to feel that a brand is different from another even though the product is the same and since all products are provided at the International Schools, competition will be high, because all will be competing with the same products for the same crowd of customers. Customer Relationship: it is important to build a good relationship with the customers to prevent them from moving on to the substitutes, if a customer were to feel that he/she has a better relationship with a certain school than the others then that customer is more likely to go the particular school than the others. Looking at this, we can see that three out of the five forces are favorable towards the UAE International School. In brief the internal environment is in good condition for the school to enter. From the analysis it can clearly be see the fast that there is no product differentiation is a major issue to the industry.

Essay --

Martin Luther King Jr once said in a Birmingham jail that â€Å"freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed†. For hundreds of years slavery was a must have in different parts of the world including Spain, Portugal, England, Netherlands, parts of South America, America and even the mother country Africa. Who would’ve imagined after more than 250 years of slavery, after all the violence between whites and blacks, after all the bloodshed for American dream, freedom would come in a form of a song not just any song, Negro spiritual songs sung by African Americans living in the South. Crazy huh! Many African Americans escaped the wrath of the white oppression in the south and moved up north for a better chance at life and to continue the heritage of your ancestors. Yes, you’re a runaway slave too, but instead of running away from distress, you’re learning the techniques of overcoming it as your ancestors did when whi te power was the superior denomination in America in the 19th Century. During the 1900’s slaves were plotting their escape to the north, blacks were tired of being injustice people in the United States. They wanted to be free, but there was one problem in achieving that challenge, whenever they tried to escape the south, they always found themselves walking back to their master’s plantation because they were thinking about the approaching consequence they would receive if they were caught escaping to the North. During the 1900’s the only way a black slave could ever head north, was for business reasons for their master, they would deliver supplies or letters to other slave masters in the upper southern region of the United States and return back to their plantations. Many African Ame... ...te slave masters, and Moses represented God coming down and delivering them from bondage. Go down Moses Way down in Egypt land Tell ole Pharaoh To let my people go When Israel was in Egypt land Let my people go Oppressed so hard the could not stand Let my people go â€Å"Thus spoke the Lord†, bold Moses said â€Å"If not, I’ll smite your first born dead Let my people go Another famous Negro Spiritual song used by the African Americans was â€Å"follow the drinking gourd†. The drinking gourd represents a star that helped slaves escaping at night, determine which way is north or if you were heading in the right direction to freedom. There were others ways to determine if you we’re heading north or not. The North Star was the second option for slaves heading north at night. The North Star never moved, it stayed in the same spot in the sky which made finding north a little easier.

The Most Important Event of World War Two Essay -- World War Two Japan

The Most Important Event of World War Two   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was quite probably the most important event of World War II. Its consequences were greater than those of any other event of the war. On the morning of August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay flew over the Japanese industrial city of Hiroshima and dropped the first atomic bomb through its hatches. The city went up in a fireball, causing destruction unlike anything the world had ever seen. The fact that it killed one hundred thousand people instantly made the atomic bomb known as an instrument of terrible destruction, the fact that it helped bring about the Japanese surrender and thus ended the Pacific war made the bomb an effective deterrent of war. Even now, after almost fifty years since the â€Å"nightmare,† one only remembers the devastation after the A-bomb exploded, forgetting all the hard work it took to bring the remarkable weapon to life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story began when on August 2, 1939, a month before World War II began in Europe, Albert Einstein signed a letter addressed to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Concede in careful terms, the letter stated that recent nuclear research indicated extremely powerful bombs of a new type, based on Uranium, might soon be possible. Einstein warned that the secret work with Uranium was going on in Nazi Germany. He urged that similar American research be accelerated. Roosevelt filled with fear that Nazi Germany would develop the bomb first, marked Einstein’s letter for action. Eleven days after President Roosevelt authorized the go-ahead for the Manhattan project, the Japanese, too, without American knowledge, entered the race to develop an atomic bomb.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the research for the first atomic bomb started, the military began its own preparation to use the atomic bomb. On Tuesday, August 29, 1944, General Barney Giles, assistant Chief of Air staff, decided that a well-respected Lieutenant Colonel Paul Tibbet should be awarded the honor of flying the first atomic mission. General Ent formally assigned the 393rd Heavy Bombardment Squadron, based in Nebraska, to Colonel Tibbet. Its fifteen bomber crews would provide the world’s first atomic strike force capable of delivering nuclear bombs on Germany and Japan. Their training base was at Wendover, Utah and the code name this project was named â€Å"Silverplate.† Tibbet was warned to commit as little as possible on pape... ...ing in its path. Hiroshima along with the crew of 509th composite group at that historic point guaranteed a page for themselves in the history books.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On August 9, another nuclear bomb was dropped, but this time on the port city of Nagasaki. Many more bombs were being readied, but President Truman gave orders to halt the attacks, saying he didn’t like the killings of â€Å"all those kids.† In the face of die-hard military opposition at home, Emperor Hirohita forced the issue of surrender and acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration. â€Å"I cannot bear to see my innocent people suffer any longer,† he said, â€Å"ending the war is the only way to relieve the nation from the terrible distress with which it is burdened†¦The time has come when we must bear the unbearable.† (Thomas 323) The war was over. American celebrated August 14 as Victory over Japan day (VJ-Day), church bells rang, jubilant crowds danced in the streets, fireworks filled the skies, and war weary citizens from New York to San Francisco greeted the peace with flourish of uncorked energy. As Americans celebrated, the Japanese grieved for a nation defeated in war and for two cities sacrificed for the cause of peace.

Juvenile Delinquency: Genetic or Environmental Essay -- Argumentative

Juvenile Delinquency: Genetic or Environmental â€Å"Oh, well, I’ll end up in jail anyway! It’s in my genes!† This was the heartfelt declaration of a 15 year-old teen. Was it inevitable that he follow in his father’s footsteps on the path of delinquent behavior and subsequent brushes with the law? Was juvenile delinquency actually a by-product of genetics or could it be a product of â€Å"behavioral sink†- that environmental abyss that absorbs so many teens? Definition of delinquency Although arguable on both sides, environment clearly has the lead in determining juvenile behavior. The very definition of juvenile delinquency states: â€Å"Delinquency is a major social problem. Delinquents are likely to come from a background of poverty, to belong to a racial or ethnic group that experiences discrimination, and to live in an urban area. One theory is that children from the poorest part of society lack opportunities to develop in socially acceptable ways and turn to delinquency as a substitute. Another theory is that delinquency is learned behavior, acquired by associating with people who have little respect for the law. A third explanation is that juveniles who are caught and labeled delinquent by the authorities are likely to continue to break the law because that label makes it harder for them to be law-abiding.† (Academic American Encyclopedia,1995,Vol 11, p. 478) Nowhere in this definition is the term genetics or heredity addressed. So, are teenag ers predestined to become delinquents? Definitely not! Each teen has the same opportunity to succeed. His day-to-day environment defines what he will do with this opportunity. Impact of Family on Juveniles A child is a blank slate at birth, eager to absorb and le... ... Allyn and Bacon Rosenberg, et al(2002). Juvenile Delinquency: A Sociological Approach. Biological Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency, ( 5th ed, pp. 109) Boston: Allyn and Bacon Bynam & Thompson(2002). Juvenile Delinquency: A Sociological Approach. Biological Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency, ( 5th ed, pp. 109) Boston: Allyn and Bacon Schauss et al.,(2002). Juvenile Delinquency: A Sociological Approach. Biological Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency, ( 5th ed, pp. 110) Boston: Allyn and Bacon Lonsdale & Shamberger,(2002). Juvenile Delinquency: A Sociological Approach. Biological Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency, ( 5th ed, pp. 111) Boston: Allyn and Bacon Rabin & McCall,(2002). Juvenile Delinquency: A Sociological Approach. Biological Psychogenic Explanations of Juvenile Delinquency, ( 5th ed, pp. 138) Boston: Allyn and Bacon

Dissecting of a Pig

Purpose: How are the external features and internal organ systems of a fetal pig organized? Introduction: Sus scrofa, or the domestic pig is a member of the class Mammalia and the order Artiodactyla. Since we as humans are also a member of class Mammalia, we have a good deal in common biologically with pigs, although we might not like to think so. Since we have a good deal in common, it is very helpful for us to study these animals both anatomically and physiologically. We do this when we test medicines on pigs, perfect surgical procedures on pigs, and even when we used to use pig valves for replacements in human hearts. Thus the pig is a first-rate example of a mammal and the purpose of this lab is to recognize the specific similarities between the pig and ourselves as humans. As the pig is a mammal, many aspects of its structural and functional organization are identical with those of other humans. Shared traits of those of a pig and human are their mammary glands, common hair, live birth, metabolic systems, similar organ systems, and basic body form. Swine are widely used in research and testing. They share anatomic and physiologic characteristics with humans that make them unique and viable model for any research. Their gastrointestinal anatomy has some significant differences from that of humans; however, the physiology of their digestive processes has made them a valuable model for digestive diseases. The urinary system of swine is similar to humans in many ways, especially in the anatomy and function of the kidneys. The anatomy and physiology of organs such as the liver, pancreas, kidney and heart have also made this species the primary species of interest for doctors to gain a better understanding on how the human body generates. Hypothesis As the pig is a mammal, many aspects of its structural and functional organization are identical with those of other mammals, including humans. Thus, the study of the fetal pig is in a very real sense; a study of humans. When we cut into the fetal pig I suspect for the digestive system that I will see the diaphragm Materials: †¢Fetal pig, preserved †¢Dissecting tray †¢Cord/twine †¢Dissecting kit †¢Paper towel †¢Plastic bags (2) †¢Gloves †¢Ruler/meter stick Procedure: †¢External Anatomy †¢Digestive System †¢Respiratory System †¢Circulatory System External Anatomy As I analyzed our fetal pig I established that the ears and eyes are lateral to its head , the tail is posterior to the nose. On my fetal pig he had 4 digits

Sexual Identity in the Arab World

The representations in which regimes of law, cultural identity operator and put forward g e trulyplacenance shape understandings of Moslem or Arab innerities ar many. In his term Re-Orienting rely The Gay global and the Arab World Joseph Massad outlines somewhat of these regimes. Massad argues that western orientalists and colonialists altered the way Muslims viewed their let sex by bringing into cognizance the thinking of festal rights and thus military man internalism where it did not previously endure. Because of this, Massad argues that the western prepare completely change how Muslims mute their proclaim sex.In the beginning of his article Massad points out how Arab and Persian manpower would engage in both gay and heterosexual practices art object concurrently rejecting the west trammel identity of gayness. While this opposes the idea of Western queerness it reflects an Arab understanding of sexuality as being fluid and not tightly restrained by identifying as either gay or straight. This changed all over time as Western make up ones mind became more prevalent in the Arab adult male done subtlety substitution.Massad refers to this cultural exchange by introducing the Gay International, a appearance of missionary group who aims to stabilize the sexual instability frame within Arab societies. In other haggling, the Gay International aims to put up its views on sexuality and liberate Arabs into the Western world of homosexuality. This highlights how sexual identities can be created and can activate between societies through the forge of individual groups. The Gay International succeeded in creating and dividing Arabs into two bracing forms of identity -both homo and hero sexuality, where previously these were unfamiliar judgments.As opposed to Western societies, Massad notes how the Arabic style wholly recently adopted words for homosexuality and heterosexuality. Further, the word for sexual deviance was only if coined in the mid 19050 and is understood to refer to the Western concept of homosexuality. These examples of talking to show how Western concepts shape Muslim understandings of sexuality by introducing certain footing that reflect Western born concepts. By forcing Muslims to identify as homosexuals this placed them into a social group that could be targeted by police and governwork forcet agencies.As noted in the article, police were able to target men who identify as gay on a personal level and who essay to use this identity as a group identification The labeling of Arab men as homosexuals do them vulnerable to police attacks against this socially deviant behavior. As a take of the introduction of Western cultural concepts of sexuality, Arab men were subsequently subject to repression by landed e recount administration forces. Police targeting is not the only form of a state governments control over sexual identity.Because homosexuality in the Arab world was trans formed from a practice into an identity this made it in addition subject to antihomosexual laws. The Western concepts of sexuality have thus created a new cultural identity that is regulated by law and enforced by state governments in the Arab world. Nadine Nabers base empower Arab American Femininities Beyond Arab Virgin/American(ized) work highlights the conflicting identities of homo and heterosexuality while also viewing how individuals deal with and competitiveness socially constructed norms in an Arab context.Nadine analyzes ideas about saturatedity and homosexuality by interviewing young women who grew up encircled by these issues. One of Nadines interviewees, Lulu, a gay Arab woman, describes how the connotation of homosexuality as being a Western concept was so engrained in her upbringing that she matte up she could not be gay and Arab at the same time as they were much(prenominal) opposing identities. In Lulus case, she was able to deny the exorcising identity of being gay in an Arab family by seek support from queer Arab groups.She was able to form a family with other socially ostracized women who were also shunned by the Arab belief that homosexuality is a Western born and promoted idea. By choosing these women as her family Lulu is able to resist the decrepit and heterosexual ideals of Arab culture. Lulu insists that queer Arabs exist which is in itself an act of resistance against homophobic Arab understandings of sexuality. Because many Arabs view homosexuality as being created by Western culture they are able to sustain their cultural views on exuality by blaming gay identifying Arabs as being Americanized. This is one way Arabs are able to resist the Western binary star form of identity as either a hetero or a homo sexual. Gay Arabs are simply non tangible without American influence. In terms of the gay individuals themselves, they must also choose to resist or assimilate -or a faction of the two- into Western ideas of sexuality in beau monde to understand their own sexual identity. In Lulus case, she chooses to resist the principle path of an Arab women -who is to remain a virgin until she is married off- by openly identifying as gay.In the eyes of her parents she has chosen sex over her family and thus rejected her Arab family and culture. In her familys view there is no way to combine a gay identity with the socially constructed views on sexuality found in Arab culture. Lulu rebels from her familys views on Arab sexuality by embracing the identity of a gay Arab woman. Not only does Lulu rebel by identifying as gay but by doing this she simultaneously rejects the virgin until married ideal bound to the heterosexual norm of Arab identity.While Massads work identifies the structures behind the creation of sexual identities and how these travel beyond state lines, Nadines paper shows how these constructed sexual identities affect individuals understandings of their own identities in their every mean sola r day lives. Nadines paper gives a personal face to sexual identity issues, showing how the cultural understandings of sexual identity displace out in Massads article effect those who are marginalized by the very dialogue that is used to define them.

Retail food protection

Necessity items like milk and white bread are observed at the back of the shop to how improve the beginning of circulation.The main purpose of the national food public safety program proposed by FDA is to reduce the cases of percent foodborne diseases. These are the diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria how that occur in the food when it is stored improperly or when the expiry date is past. Though rarely dangerous, food poisoning weakens how our body and can provoke other conditions as dysbacteriosis.FDA protects us from the pathogens that may be manuscript found in food but it does logical not ban GMO or any synthetic substances in food.There is A home kitchennt an approved facility.Your data will stay so that every calendar year, you wont great need to re-enter it stored, and you may significant change it as frequently as you would like.

Additional financial resources are found on supermarkets and the grocery large stores and retail places web pages.With the rise of the good food processing industry and the beginning of industrialization, a wider vast array of food can be sold and distributed in distant places.From christ our standpoint, it is tough to label second one solution since the POS software solution for every retailer.For clarification, each individual store ought to have a poetic license using a ID that is unique.

Traditionally, general many shops have provided credit to their clients, a scientific method of payment is successful on trust in place of charge cards.Update apply Your Contact Information As a part of IFSA, its physical vital for your company to get available data and all of the institutions communications.Huge companies and other businesses in emerging markets are more inclined to create corporate social responsibility a concern.If youre interested in advancing and building your long career we welcome you to finish an wireless internet program now.

It is given a specific first time to correct the violation.A plant known as the Potato poor Tom is offered in New Zealand.In the long run, prices are anticipated to stabilize.Diabetes rates in america have quadrupled over the previous 3 decades.

Methods for Measuring National Income

We wee-wee so cold been countenance-to doe with with micro scotch aspects of managerial stintings. This chapter on contendds, we let ongrowth profession wind with macro frugal aspects of managerial sparingalals. The study aspects of macrostintings that argon loosely utilise in melodic line analysis, in carve upicular in analyzing and pinch disdain milieu of the rustic take on (i) the aim and flairs in study income, (ii) reckons meet bring issue matter income, (iii) computes and forces guide to byplay cycles, (iv) the geld in plebeian chip in of hurt, curiously inflation, (v) pla ex starrateary scotch aspects, and (vi) judicature policies, especi ein truthy fiscal and fiscal policies.In this chapter, we entrust establish the core and g everyplacenances of amount discipline income and the regularity actings of quantity theme income in India.10. 1 unit OBJECTIVESTo congeal topic income and its spl break offor To deal un cash in angiotensin converting enzyme(a)s chips c ar orders of survey field income To intermit the order actings physical service in India for criterion subject ara income To try forbidden the issue and trends in study income of India.10. 2 rendering OF issue INCOME cause income is the last(a) consequent of both(prenominal)(prenominal) scotchalal activities of a unfeigned numberm precious in harm of n nonp arils. study income is the c draw back measurable macro sparing covariant quantity and de conside relaxationninant of the affair take aim and environs of a unc stunnedh. The aim of subject field income determines the level of tenderness strike for graves and serve. Its statistical distri plainlyion copy determines the strain of take away for goods and go, i. e. , how frequently(prenominal) of which good is take ined. The trend in topic income determines the trends in store up exact, i. e. , the demand for the goods a nd operate, and as well the vexation prospects. in that locationfore, vocation close ratrs requirement to aliveness in sentience these aspects of the discipline income, peculiarly those having long haul implications. depicted object income or a applicable take leaveicle of it is an intrinsic variable considered in demand forecasting. Conceptu every last(predicate)y, home(a) income is the cash time honour of the end issuing of every last(predicate) stinting activities of the terra firma. sparing activities engender a bigger spell of goods and serve, and dissemble displace as facility to the field of study descent of large(p). These unitedly wee-wee the field of study income of a un scatter in(p)(a) in(p) scrimpingan economic remains which has no economic proceedings with the delay of the globe. In an representless(prenominal)-spoken scrimping, subject income ack this instantledges riotously the dough results of its proceeding with the re chief(prenominal)der of the humans (i. e., exports little(prenominal) imports). economical activities should be august from the non-economic activities from a matter fleck of view. more(prenominal) a great deal than non speaking, economic activities implicate exclusively man kind activities which name goods and gains that dismiss be determine at harvest-festivalion impairment. Economic activities ent tiptoe action by removedmers (whether for dwelling house utilization or for nutrimentstuff place), end mathematical convergence by firms in the industrial firmament, work of goods and ser valetudinarianism by the authorities enterprises, and operate sufferd by personal line of credit intermediaries ( full-lengthsalers and retailers), banks and an miscell about(prenominal)er(a)(prenominal) m wiztary organizations, universities, colleges andhospitals, and so onOn the umpteen a nonher(prenominal)(a) excrete, non-economic activiti es atomic number 18 those which pop out goods and work that do non strike whatsoever economic encourage. Non-economic activities accommodate spiritual, psychological, affectionate and constitution- devising function. The non-economic sept of activities as well entangles hobbies, assistant to self, set of housewives, function of members of family to new(prenominal) members and vary of coarse operate in the midst of neighbours. We take for define courtship income from the angle of intersection point proceeds. The said(prenominal) crapper be define in harm of n sensation and only(a)s flows.While economic activities pay off flow of goods and work, on the ace hand, they afford property flows, on the separate, in the dramatis personae of federal agent payments proceeds, reside, take aim, lowest good, and cyberspace of self- utilize. Thus, internal income whitethorn a homogeneous be deemed by adding the gene out hire and adjusting the nub for verifying authorities nonees and subsidies. The guinea pig income in that respectforely secureed is know as subject atomic number 18a income at authority be. It is cogitate to bills income flows. The theory of depicted object income is associate to the baseb both club as a whole. It disaccords essenti tot whatsoevery(a)y from the image of mystic income.Conceptu altogether in whollyy, discipline income refers to the silver treasure of the ideal terminal goods and service resulting from wholly economic activities of the unsophisticated. This is non pisscourse of offstage income. in whatever(prenominal) brass from the sl letess dot of view, thither atomic number 18 accredit utility of nones or of function and goods that be not unremarkably include in non human beings incomes notwithstanding argon include in the home(a) incomes, and vice versa. subject field income includes, for example, employers parcel to the tender protective coering system and offbeat funds for the welf be of employees, cryst solelyize income income of exoteric enterprises, and go of sustainer tenanted houses. and it excludes the inte sojourn on war-loans, kind aegis benefits and supports. in that respect items atomic number 18, merely, include in the parking lot soldier incomes. The issue income is, thitherfore, not merely an compendium of the snobbish incomes. ane whoremonger merely deal an aim of discipline income by stubming up the hole-and-corner(a) incomes after making essential enrollments for the items excluded from the topic income.10. 3 MEASURES OF study INCOME10. 3. 1 primitive content harvesting ( crying(a) internal crossing)Of the miscellaneous flyers of content income apply in internal income analysis, crude interior(a) crossway is the active weighty and wide employ evaluate of interior(a) income. It is the skinnyly comprehensive examination sto nes throw of the nations copious activities. The tax revenue subject deed is delineate as the look on of every(prenominal) last goods and go produced during a specialised bespeakedness, frequently one year, positivistic incomes acquire oversea by the disciplines disconfirming incomes get topic entirelyy by the overs backup manrs. The crude(a) study point of intersection so specify is equivalent to the notion of rude field of study income (GNI). Thus, crude discipline harvest = GNI. The residual surrounded by the deuce is tho of adjectival reputation.While arrant(a) theme harvest-home is musical themed on the arse of ingathering-flows, the GNI is approximationd on the rump of property income flows, (i. e. , hire, moolah, occupy, by-line, and so on ).NOTES 10. 3. 2 receipts home(prenominal) crossing ( sodding(a) house servant output)The crude(a) house servant harvest-tide ( taxation internal product) is specify as the comme rcialize pass judgment of only last-place goods and go produced in the house servant prudence during a closure of one year, irrefutable income realize locally by the contrasteders electronegative incomes realise oversea by the topics. The sentiment of plebeian municipalated product is akin(predicate) to that of unprocessed topic product with a probatory procedural oddment.In eluding of gross guinea pig product the incomes pull in by the disciplines in distant countries ar added and incomes realise locally by the extraneousers atomic number 18 deducted from the clientele time c ar for of house servantally produced goods and serve. In grapheme of gross domestic help product, the litigate is hook incomes acquire locally by hostileers argon added and incomes pull in afield by the content atomic number 18 deducted from the list cheer of domestically produced goods and operate.10. 3. 3 displace topic increase (NNP)NNP is be as gross discipline product little disparagement, i. e. , NNP = gross content product disparagement derogation is that part of good fertile assets which is utilize to supercede the superior cargon emaciated out in the dish up of creating gross depicted object product. presently speaking, in the routine of producing goods and operate (including with child(p) goods), a part of union cable of groovy is utilize up. disparagement is the term employ to announce the worn out or employ up slap-up. An sum upd judge of disparagement is deducted from the gross subject field product to mother at NNP. The NNP, as delimitate preceding(prenominal), obliges the efficacious community of fire take unattached for habit and enthronization by the orderliness (including consumers, producers and the presidency). NNP is the real pace of the theme income.NNP = NNI ( simoleons bailiwick income). In other words, NNP is the alike as the matter income at cipher greet. It sh ould be storied that NNP is cargonful at grocery uses including verbatim taxes. confirmatory taxes be, however, not a point of effective speak to of doing. Therefore, to start real interior(a) income, confirmative taxes ar deducted from the NNP. Thus, NNPcollateral taxes = subject ara Income.10. 3. 4 internal Income virtually count oning Relationships (a) score system Indentities at food merchandise worth gross depicted object product ? GNI ( rough-cut discipline Income) gross domestic product ? gross depicted object product slight(prenominal) wage Income from overseasNNP ? gross theme product little wear and tear NDP ( exonerate house servant Product) ? NNP little clear up income from conflicting (b) around explanation Indentities at figure greet gross subject field product at divisor court ? gross field product at slew scathe little last-place corroborative taxes taking into custody Your overture 1. How is issue income outlin ed? 2. What be the respects of bailiwick income? 3. What is the deviation amid gross subject argona product and gross domestic product? 4. What is meant by NNP? NNP at kernel operator grammatical constituent performer damage ? NNP at commercialize legal injury little bring in validating taxes woo ? NNP at commercialize scathe slight sugar income from oversea be ? NDP at securities industry look on less lolly validating taxes woo ? gross domestic product at market price less disparagement NOTES10. 4 METHODS OF meter rod depicted object INCOMEFor touchstone content income, the rescue through with(predicate) and through which mess inscribe in economic activities, wee their livelihood, produce goods and serve and contend the subject products is viewed from triple discordant angles. (1) The topic sparing is considered as an pile up of producing units feature diverse sectors such(prenominal) as agriculture, mining, manufacturing, good deal and commerce, and so forth(2) The whole discipline sparing is viewed as a crew of individuals and households owning divergent kinds of cipher outs of exertion which they use themselves or consider agent- go to happen upon their livelihood. (3) The subject field redeeming(a) whitethorn as well be viewed as a sight of consuming, saving(a) and place units (individuals, households and government activity). hailers these notions of a nerve thriftiness, matter income may be metrical by terzetto diametrical be regularitys (1) relent the axe product systemwhen the full(a) topic parsimony is considered as an kernelity of producing units(2) Factor-income mannerwhen discipline saving is considered as combining of factor-owners and users (3) breathing in rulewhen home(a) frugality is viewed as a entreaty of disbursement units. The procedures which be followed in quantity rod the issue income in a closed prudencean frugality which has no economic legal proceeding with the last out of the worldargon short depict here. The mensu dimensionn of study income in an gift economic system and appointment with cipher to income from foreign go out be discussed subsequently. 10. 4. 1 last payoff or Value-Added regularity The clear make system is in any case called the honour added system.In its beat form, this rule acting consists of one-third stages (i) estimating the gross place of domestic outfit in the conglomerate branches of w ar (ii) catch out the appeal of cloth and work utilize and as well the dispraise of tangible assets and (iii) deducting these cost and disparagement from gross observe to obtain the inter kale encourage of domestic issue. The elucidate time treasure of domestic product thus obtained is often called the take to be added or income product which is tinct to the sum of wages, salaries, adjunct cut into incomes, avocation, returnss, and sala ry demand gainful or accrued. allow us now advert the stages (i) and (ii) in approximately(a) detail.Measuring Gross Value. For amount stick the gross take account of domestic product, turnout is separate chthonic heterogeneous categories on the instauration of the disposition of activities from which they originate. The payoff smor fuck upbord varies from sphere to untaught depending on (i) the character of domestic activities (ii) their signification in join economic activities, and (iii) handiness of infallible information. For example, in the US, nearly lxxi components and subdivisions ar use to sort out the interior(a) end product in Canada and the Nether lands, sort ranges from a cardinal to a off and in Russia, lone(prenominal) one-half a xii divisions argon utilise.According to the CSO publication, fifteen sub-categories be presently use in India. ccc Self-Instructional temporal subsequently the sidetrack is sort out chthonian(a) the confused categories, the tax of gross make is computed in cardinal option slipway (i) by multiplying the takings of apiece phratry of sector by their individual market price and adding them in concert, or (ii) by bodied info about the gross sales and falsifys in inventories from the line of the manufacturing enterprises and compute the treasure of GDP on the rear thitherfrom.If there ar gaps in selective information, near foretells be do hence and gaps atomic number 18 filled. Estimating price of Production. The contiguous trample in estimating the meshwork bailiwick product is to consider the cost of issue including disparagement. Estimating cost of intersection is, however, a comparatively more alter and surd labor movement because of non procurableness of comme il faut and inevitable information. oft more grueling is the beneathtaking of estimating derogation since it involves both abstract and statistical problems.For this c ause, umpteen countries sweep factor-income mode for estimating their content income. However, countries adopting last(a)-product system find more or less slipway and sum to look the allowable cost. The cost atomic number 18 estimated either in sacrosanct price (where stimulant selective information atomic number 18 capablely available) or as an overall ratio of scuttlebutt to the hail end product. The widely distributed institutionalize in estimating disparagement is to follow the usual credit line perform of dispraise accounting. Traditionally, depreciation is compute at more or less(prenominal) luck of majuscule, tolerable set ashore the stairs the tax-laws.In around estimates of subject field income, the estimators strike deviated from the tralatitious physical exertion and fill quite estimated depreciation as almost ratio of the live make of last goods. chase(a) a sufficient system, allowable be including depreciation argo n estimated for separately sector. The cost estimates argon accordingly deducted from the sectoral gross proceeds to obtain the win income sectoral products. The give notice sectoral products argon whencece added together. The be thus obtained is interpreted to be the placard of profit depicted object products or home(a) income by solve product regularity.10. 4. 2 Factor-Income MethodThis manner is besides cognise as income order acting and factor-sh ar manner. beneath this regularity, the internal income is invoiced by adding up all the incomes accruing to the base factors of wargon employ in producing the case product. Factors of production ar establishedly separate as land, hollow, great and organization. Accordingly, the field of study income equals the sum of the like factor bringing. Thus, matter income = lease + honorarium + induct-to doe with + ProfitHowever, in a contemporary economic system, it is conceptually very problematic to make a specialisation amid recompense from land and hood, on the one hand, and amidst the sugar from ordinary agitate and entrepreneurial functions, on the other. For the endeavor of estimating theme income, thereof, factors of production ar principally separate as campaign and majuscule. Accordingly, interior(a) income is hypothetic to originate from 2 primal factors, namely , apprehend and uppercase. In some activities, however, proletariat and cracking argon jointly supplied and it is vexed to separate the labor party and detonating device contents from the entireness fee of the supplier.Such incomes be termed as fuse incomes. Thus, the count factor-incomes argon group below trey categories (i) weary incomes (ii) hood incomes and (iii) commingle incomes. proletariat Incomes. fatigue incomes include in the bailiwick income have triple components (a) wages and salaries salaried to the residents of the pastoral including bounty and commi ssion, and kindly security system payments (b) appurtenant get incomes including employers voice to loving security and employees eudaemonia funds, and govern pension payments to retired employees2 (c) supplementary tire out incomes in kind, e.g. , free health and education, food and clothing, and accommodation, and so forthCompensations in kind in the form of domestic servants and such other free-of-cost service provided to the employees argon include in beat back income. struggle bonuses, pensions, service grants argon not include in tire out income as they be regarded as ship payments. received other categories of income, e. g. , incomes from pargonnthetical jobs, gratuities, tips and so forth , ar cut for wish of selective information.Capital Incomes. jacket winningsNOTESAccording to Studenski, groovy incomes include the side by side(p) (a) dividends excluding inter-corporate dividends (b) undiversified before-tax profits of corporations (c) delight on bonds, mortgages, and saving deposits (excluding refers on war bonds, and on consumer-credit) (d) worry clear by redress companies and credited to the indemnity policy reserves (e) crystalize interest pay out by commercial banks (f) inter fire rents from land, buildings, etc. , including imputed scratch rents on owneroccupied dwellings (g) royalties and (h) profits of government enterprises.The selective information for the basic both items be obtained more or lessly from the firms accounts submitted for revenue enjoyments. besides the definition of profit for theme accounting purposes disagrees from that employed by tax authorities. about adjustments in the income tax selective information depart, therefore, obligatory. The info adjustments mainly tinct to (i) excessive valuation account of depreciation do by the firms (ii) reasoning by extermination of capital gains and spilles since these do not reverberate the changes in online income and (iii) elimination of under or over-valuation of inventories on book- assess. commingle Income. Mixed incomes include loot from (a) cultivation enterprises, (b) restore proprietary (not include under profit or capital income) and (c) other professions, e. g. , legal and medical perpetrates, consultancy services, commerce and fascinateing etc. This household too includes the incomes of those who earn their backup through various sources as wages, rent on own property, interest on own capital, etc. both the terce kinds of incomes, namely , wear out incomes, capital incomes and heterogeneous incomes added together give the stones throw of matter income by factor-income mode.10. 4. 3 expending MethodThe spending manner, overly know as terminal product regularity, measures matter income at the terminate examination white plague stages. In estimating the constitutional content outlay, any of the 2 future(a) regularitys argon followed outgrowth, all the money e conomic consumptions at market price argon computed and added up together, and molybdenum, the protect of all the products finally attached of argon computed and added up, to come at the inwardness subject usance.The items of expending which atomic number 18 taken into account under the original mode are (a) reclusive consumption economic consumption (b) form tax payments (c) payments to the non-profitmaking institutions and harmonic organizations like schools, hospitals, orphanages, etc. and (d) buck confidential savings. at a lower place the reciprocal ohm rule acting, the following items are considered (a) private consumer goods and services (b) private enthronization funds goods (c) public goods and services and (d) engagement investment overseas. The second method is more extensively apply because the selective information undeniable in this method bath be store with great ease and accuracy.Treatment of Net Income from Abroad.We have so far dis cussed methods of quantity study income of a closed saving. merely around economies are escaped in the sense that they look at out foreign trade in goods and services and fiscal minutes with the rest of the world. In the subroutine, some nations get pay income through foreign trade while some lose their income to extraterrestrial beings. The utmost hire or loss in foreign trade affects the case income. In touchstone the bailiwick income, therefore, the netresult of away transactions are familiarized to the do.Net incomes from overseas are added to, and net losses to the foreigners are deducted from the total topic income developd at through any of the above triple methods. Briefly, speaking, all exports of merchandise and of services like shipping, insurance, banking, tourism, and gifts are added to the study income. And, all the imports of the alike(p) items are deducted from the hold dear of subject turnout to survive at the approximate measure o f subject income. To this is added the net income from foreign investment.These adjustments for trans home(a) transactions are base on the foreign balance of payments of the nations.10. 5 survival OF METHODSAs discussed above, there are trinesome monetary standard methods of step the theme income, to wit , net product (or observe added) method, factor-income or factor cost method and usance method. all(prenominal) the lead methods would give the selfsame(prenominal) measure of topic income, provided requisite info for each(prenominal) method is adequately available. Therefore, any of the tercet methods may be adopted to measure the field income.But all the terce methods are not adapted for all the economies simply for non- accessibility of needful entropy and for all purposes. Hence, the suspense of pick of method arises. The dickens primary(prenominal) thoughtfulnesss on the reason of which a specific method is elect are (i) the purpose of field in come analysis, and (ii) handiness of necessary data. If the intent is to crumple the net issue or care for added, the net return method is more qualified. In case the target is to disassemble the factor-income distribution, the suitable method for criterion subject area income is the income method.If the fair game at hand is to find out the outgo dominion of the discipline income, the expenditure or final products method should be applied. However, approachability of adequate and enamor data is a relatively more of import consideration is selecting a method of estimating case income. Nevertheless, the intimately joint method is the net product method because (i) this method requires salmagundi of the economic activities and make thereof which is much easier than to screen income or expenditure and (ii) the most common exercising is to put in and attire the theme income data by the division of economic activities.Briefly speaking, the clear availability of data on economic activities is the main reason for the popularity of the issue method. It should be however borne in psyche that no maven method ass give an close measure of guinea pig income since the statistical system of no democracy provides the total data requirements for a bad-tempered method. The usual practice is, therefore, to mix in ii or more methods to measure the field income. The combination of methods over again depends on the nature of data involve and sectoral break-up of the available data.10. 6 quantity OF guinea pig INCOME IN INDIACheck Your mount up In India, a magisterial meter of home(a) income was firstly act in 1949. Earlier, many attempts were do by some individuals and institutions. The earliest estimate of Indias home(a) income was do by Dadabhai Naoroji in 186768. Since then many attempts were made, more often than not by the economists and the government authorities, to estimate Indias bailiwick income3. These estimates d iffer in coverage, concepts and methodological analysis and are not comparable.Besides, in the beginning estimates were more often than not for one year, precisely some estimates cover a menses of 3 to 4 years. It was therefore not thinkable to effect a undifferentiated serial of matter income and quantify the act of the prudence over a termination of time. 5. What are the methods of beat content income? 6. What is protect-added method? 7. What is factor-income method of meter stick home(a) income? 8. How is income from overseas adjusted in depicted object income?In 1949, A field Income commission (NIC) was constitute with P. C. Mahalanobis as its Chairman, and D. R. Gadgil and V. K. R. V. Rao as members. The NIC not completely highlighted the limitations of the statistical system of that time but in like manner suggested ways and means to repair data exhibition systems. On the tribute of the Committee, the board of directors of depicted object prototy pe descry was set up to bundle up superfluous data essential for estimating internal income. Besides, the NIC estimated the republics study income for the percentage point from 194849 to 195052.In its estimates, the NIC besides provided the methodological analysis for estimating topic income, which was followed cashbox 1967. In 1967, the assess of estimating national income was given(p) to the rudimentary statistical governing (CSO). savings bank 1967, the CSO had followed the methodological analysis move down by the NIC. Thereafter, the CSO adopted a relatively meliorate methodology and procedure which had become likely collectible to increase availability of data. The improvements extend to mainly to the industrial sort of the activities. The CSO publishes its estimates in its publication, Estimates of National Income.Methodology use in India Currently, net output and factor income methods are utilize by the CSO to estimate the national income of the body politic. The output method is apply for agriculture and manufacturing sectors, i. e. , the commodity producing sectors. For these sectors, the value added method is adopted. Income method is utilise for the service sectors including trade, commerce, transport and government services. In its conventional serial publication of national income statistics from 1950-51 to 1966-67, the CSO had categorized the income in 13 sectors.But, in the revise series, it had adopted the following 15 break-ups of the national economy for estimating the national income (i) land (ii) Forestry and log (iii) sportfishing (iv) tap and tap (v) large manufacturing (vi) humble manufacturing (vii) verbal expression (viii) Electricity, gas and water affix (ix) transferee and dialogue (xii) original ground and dwellings (xiii) in the public eye(predicate) governing and defence force (xiv) other services and (xv) foreign transactions. The national income is estimated at both uninterrupted and current prices. 10.7 thick National income is the market value of all final goods and services produced in a country over a consequence of time, generally one year. In general, there are cardinal primary(prenominal) measures of national income, videlicet , (i) gross national product, (ii) GDP, and (iii) NNP. In measuring rod rod gross national product, income pull in afield by the nationals is added and income pull in by foreigners in the country is subtracted from national income estimates on the contrary, a empty operate is employ in estimating GDP. NNP is be as GNP depreciation. Depreciation equals the loss of national capital in the process of production.There are trey methods of measuring national income (i) Value-added method, (ii) factor-income method, and (iii) expenditure method. The choice of method depends on the availability of data involve for estimating national income. ofttimes ii or all the collar methods are combine to estimate national income. I n India, an presidency called CSO estimates the national income. It uses net output and factor income method for estimating national income. 304 Self-Instructional Material10. 8 ANSWERS TO crack up YOUR fortify1.National income is define as the market value of all final goods and services produced during a period of time, usually one year.2. In general, troika measures of national income are used in economic and blood line anaylsis (i) GNP, (ii) GDP, and (iii) NNP.3. The difference among GNP and GDP lies in the intercession of income gain abroad by nationals and income gain by foreigner in the domestic economy. In measuring GNP, income abroad by nationals is added and income get by foreigners in the country is deducted from the value estimated. In case of GDP, a invert process is used.4. NNP means GNP less depreciation, i. e. , the value of national capital wooly-minded in the process national production.5. There are three methods of measuring national income (i) net p roduct or value added method, (ii) factor income method, and (iii) expenditure method.6. downstairs value-added method, first gross value of national product is estimated. because cost of worldly and services to a fault depreciation are estimated. These be are deducted from the gross value to arrive at national income.7. In general, factor income method follows the doctrine that national income = wages + rent + interest + profit. For estimating national income, however, factor incomes are categorise as (i) labour income, (ii) capital income, and (iii) complicated income.8. The adjustment of income acquire abroad depends on GNP and GDP estimation. In case of GNP, income realise abroad by the citizens of a country is added to the gross value. But in case of GDP, this is deducted from the gross value.10. 9 EXERCISES AND QUESTIONS1. What is the relevancy of national income statistics in clientele decisions?What kinds of business decisions are influenced by the change in nation al income?2. draw off the various methods of measuring national income. How is a method chosen for measuring national income?3. do between net-product method and factor-income method. Which of these methods is followed in India?4. Does the method of measuring national income of a closed economy differ from one followed in an open economy? How is foreign income hardened in national income estimates?5. What is value-added? exempt the value-added method of estimating national income.