The Tragic Love Triangle Of Yonville Essays - Madame Bovary, Emma

The Tragic Love Triangle of Yonville Gustave Flubert's masterpiece, Madame Bovary, was first published in 1857. The novel shocked many of its readers and caused a chain reaction that spread through all of France and ultimately called for the prosecution of the author. Since that time however, Madame Bovary, has been recognized by literature critics as being the model for the present literary period, being the realistic novel period. It is now considered a novel of great worth and one which contains an important and moving plot. In addition, it provides a standard against which to compare the works of writers to follow. It is nearly impossible to truly understand modern European and American fiction without reading, Madame Bovary. Charles Bovary, the only son of a middle-class family, became a doctor and set up his practice in a rural village. He then married a women who was quite older then himself. He was unhappily married to her saying that "Her dresses barely hung on her bony frame", This coming right before her death. Upon his wife's death, Charles married an attractive young women named Emma Roualt, the daughter of one of his patients. Emma married Charles with overwhelming expectations. She thought marriage would be filled with three things, "bliss, passion, and ecstasy". Emma had a character that was 1) dissatisfied 2) adulterous and 3) free spending. For a while she was excited and pleased by her marriage, but overwhelmed by her new life, she quickly became dissatisfied. As a result of her dissatisfaction she became mentally ill. For the sake of her health the Bovary's moved to a new town, Yonville, where their daughter was born. Emma's unhappiness continued, and she began to have romantic feelings toward Leon, a young law clerk. After Leon left the town in order to attend law school. Emma's boredom and frustration became more intense after Leon left. She began to forget her role as a wife and mother. Charles tried many times to please but none of his efforts were successful, and she did not value or understand Charles' love for her. Finally Emma had an adulterous affair with Rodolphe, a local land owner. Upon realizing Emma's intentions of an affair with him he states that he is "Gasping for love", and this wins her heart over. Rodolphe then leaves for a period of six weeks and Emma then becomes seriously ill again. After her recovery, Rodolphe returns and the only explanation for his actions is "Absence makes the heart grow fonder". She then runs across Leon in Rowen and began to resume were they left off. In order to afford the trips to Rowen to see Leon and satisfy her own needs, Emma spent her husbands money freely and incurred many debts. She kept this secret from Charles and managed to obtain a Power of Attorney, so that she would have full control over their financial affairs. Eventually her unpaid bills went long overdue and judgment was obtained against the creditors. She owed a vast sum of money, and the sheriff's officers arrived to confiscate the family property. Emma tried frantically to raise the money and finally turning to Leon, but he was unable to help, nor was he willing. She even tried to get back Rodolphe, by saying "I stayed with you, because I couldn't tear myself away...", he would have no part of her anymore and unwilling to help. Out of shame and despair of herself, she poisons herself to die. Shortly afterwards, now a ruined and broken man, also died, leaving their daughter to a life of poverty.

brown vs. board of education Essay Example

brown vs. board of education Essay Example brown vs. board of education Essay brown vs. board of education Essay The case that came to be known as Brown v. Board of Education was actually the name given to five separate cases that were heard by the U. S. Supreme Court concerning the issue of segregation in public schools. These cases were Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Briggs v. Elliot, Davis v. Board of Education of Prince Edward County (VA. ), Boiling v. Sharpe, and Gebhart v. Ethel. While the facts of each case are different, the main issue in each was the constitutionality of state-sponsored segregation in public schools. Once again, Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund handled these cases. Although it acknowledged some of the plaintiffs/plaintiffs claims, a three-judge panel at the U. S. District Court that heard the cases ruled in favor of the school boards. The plaintiffs then appealed to the U. S. Supreme Court. When the cases came before the Supreme Court in 1952, the Court consolidated all five cases under the name of Brown v. Board of Education. Marshall personally argued the case before the Court. Although he raised a variety of legal issues on appeal, the most common one was that separate school systems for lacks and whites were inherently unequal, and thus violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution. Furthermore, relying on sociological tests, such as the one performed by social scientist Kenneth Clark, and other data, he also argued that segregated school systems had a tendency to make black children feel inferior to white children, and thus such a system should not be legally permissible. Meeting to decide the case, the Justices of the Supreme Court realized that they were deeply divided over the issues raised. While most anted to reverse Plessy and declare segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional, they had various reasons for doing so. Unable to come to a solution by June 1953 (the end of the Courts 1952-1953 term), the Court decided to rehear the case in December 1953. During the intervening months, however, Chief Justice Fred Vinson died and was replaced by Gov. Earl Warren of California. After the case was reheard in 1953, Chief Justice Warren was able to do something that his predecessor had not†i. . bring all of the Justices to agree to support a unanimous decision eclaring segregation in public schools unconstitutional. On May 14, 1954, he delivered the opinion of the Court, stating that We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of separate but equal has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.. E xpecting opposition to its ruling, especially in the southern states, the Supreme Court did not immediately try to give direction for the implementation of its ruling. Rather, it asked the attorney generals of all states with laws permitting segregation in their public schools to submit plans or how to proceed with desegregation. After still more hearings before the Court concerning the matter of desegregation, on May 31, 1955, the Justices handed down a plan for how it was to proceed; desegregation was to proceed with all deliberate speed. Although it would be many years before all segregated school systems were to be desegregated, Brown and Brown II (as the Courts plan for how to desegregate schools came to be called) were responsible for getting the process underway. Facts This case is a consolidation of several different cases from Kansas, South Carolina, Vlrglnla, ana Delaware. several DlacK cn llaren (tnrougn tnelr legal representatlves, Ps sought admission to public schools that required or permitted segregation based on race. The plaintiffs alleged that segregation was unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In all but one case, a three Judge federal district court cited Plessy v. Ferguson in denying relief under the separate but equal doctrine. On appeal to the Supreme Court, the plaintiffs contended that segregated schools were not and could not be made equal and that they were herefore deprived of equal protection of the laws. Issue Is the race-based segregation of children into separate but equal public schools constitutional? Holding and Rule (Warren) No. The race-based segregation of children into separate but equal public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and is unconstitutional. Segregation of children in the public schools solely on the basis of race denies to black children the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment, even though the physical facilities and other may be equal. Education in public schools is a right which must be made available to all on equal terms. The question presented in these cases must be determined not on the basis of conditions existing when the Fourteenth Amendment was adopted, but in the light of the role of public education in American life today. The separate but equal doctrine adopted in Plessy v. Ferguson, which applied to transportation, has no place in the field of public education. Separating black children from others solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that ay affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone. The impact of segregation is greater when it has the sanction of law. A sense of inferiority affects the motivation of a child to learn. Segregation with the sanction of law tends to impede the educational and mental development of black children and deprives them of some of the benefits they would receive in an integrated school system. Essay Brown v. Board of Education The case of brown v. board of education was one of the biggest turning points for African Americans to becoming accepted into white society at the time. Brown vs. Board of education to this day remains one of, if not the most important cases that African Americans have brought to the surface for the better of the United States. Brown v. Board of Education was not simply about children and education (Silent Covenants pg 1 1); it was about being equal in a society that claims African Americans were treated equal, when in fact they were definitely not. This case was the starting point for many Americans to realize that separate but equal did not work. The separate but equal label did not make sense either, the circumstances were clearly not separate but equal. Brown v. Board of Education brought this out, this case was the reason that blacks and whites no longer have separate restrooms and water fountains, this was the case that truly destroyed the saying separate but equal, Brown vs. Board of education truly made everyone equal. The case started in Topeka, Kansas, a black third-grader named Linda Brown had to walk one mile through a railroad switchyard to get to her black elementary school, even though a white elementary school was only seven blocks away. Lindas father, Oliver Brown, tried to enroll ner In tne wnlte elementary scnool seven DlocKs Trom ner nouse, out tne rincipal of the school refused simply because the child was black. Brown went to McKinley Burnett, the head of Topekas branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and asked for help (All Deliberate Speed pg 23). The NAACP was eager to assist the Browns, as it had long wanted to challenge segregation in public schools. The NAACP was looking for a case like this because they fgured if they could Just expose what had really been going on in separate but equal society that the circumstances really were not separate but equal.

Project management report for Zenith Company Inc Essay

Project management report for Zenith Company Inc - Essay Example According to the research findings it can therefore be said that proper project management is important for any project to meet its objective and achieve success. Project management involves in-depth process of planning, execution or implementation, and monitoring and evaluation at every phase of implementation. If it is not a perpetual project, a final stage of project closing is included. The management team at Zenith PM has decided to enhance the current business strategy by introducing a new approach on their core business model to improve business performance and success. This paper will attempt to provide advice to the management of Zenith PM on the current thinking on offsite manufacturing or modern methods of construction, the potential impact of change in direction from a change management perspective on Zenith PM’s existing business strategy focusing on existing organizational and project processes, how a transition might be undertaken using a project management solu tion including an implementation strategy) and explore all risk management issues that may be prevalent. The management team at Zenith PM has decided to have a new approach on their core business model. They have made the decision to incorporate offsite manufacturing with an aim to enter a new niche market (which could give them competitive advantage), stabilize the workforce (to reduce turnover), and improve the financial position of the company (working capital requirements and improved order book). 2. Current thinking on Offsite Manufacturing 2.1 New development Based on the business of Zenith PM, it is apparent that reliance on the traditional manufacturing methods will not put the firm in a competitive advantage particularly given that other firms in the market have embraced advanced technologies boosting their competition and production levels. The management’s decision to adopt offsite manufacturing sounds long overdue but a good measure though challenging to grow firm size, motivate staff, increase production, improve quality, improve client satisfaction, and increase firm turnover. Offsite manufacturing leads to improved project delivery and positively influence the performance of the construction industry by reducing the project’s duration by almost half and increased onsite productivity. Zenith PM should carry out an Analysis of internal and external market forces so that they can have a smooth way forward. Zenith PM can use the business analysis model of SWOT by Albert Humphrey to identify Zenith PM’s strengths and weaknesses, which are internal factors as well as opportunities and threats, the external factors. The company’

Study of management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Study of management - Essay Example Health insurers don’t need applicants to undergo a genetic test. The article from Forbes magazine (2008) states that the former president George Bush signed the Genetic Information Non-discrimination Act (GINA) into law to prevent discrimination of people who receive genetic test by their employers. Weiss (2008) states that the genetic discrimination has its consequences for example if an employer used genetic test to access the cost of insurance to an employee it would discourage the rest of the employees from seeking the test (P. 224). In reference to the article, management theory that is for or against the article is libertarian theory. This means if an employer or any other equal employee is for the theory they are against genetic discrimination. If they are against the theory, they support genetic discrimination. The article from Forbes magazine has taught me that it is unethical and illegal for an employer to discriminate potential employees based on their genetic characteristics for example, color of skin gender or disability which does not affect the work performance. Employers too are to keep the confidential the medical information of their employees thus they may find themselves on the risk of legal charges. The article teaches about practicing business ethically by not discriminating potential employees just because they are genetically disordered. Every employee should be giving an equal chance to display their professionalism in an organization. The government has clearly stated that it’s illegal to judge the capability of someone using their genetic information. Moreover, the government also has banned the use of genetic testing to deny both health insurance and employment opportunities. Health insurers might not need one to undergo a genetic test, but the customer can volun teer (Analytica, 2008). In conclusion, I aim to apply what I have learnt in my practice, by not judging other employees according to their genetic disorder, rather than

Hidden Job Market Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hidden Job Market - Coursework Example The â€Å"Push† tactic is an effort to reach out to the job market and solidify your presence amongst employers and organizations of your interest not as a job seeker but as a student, volunteer, business partner or mentee. Volunteerism is a very effective tried and tested way to go about it. Often, large organizations are involved in arranging speeches, recruitment drives, competitions, sales and marketing drives, and discussion forums. This serves to achieve several objectives of not only building a strong network but also a chance to learn about the business of different organizations that can come handy while interviews and also a chance to make a great impression on those you are helping out. The trick is to carefully and purposefully exhibit your qualities and at the same time hint you are actively looking for employment. Another strategy can be to be constantly involved in small projects and initiatives with different companies and employers. It is a great opportunity t o add some solid experience and exposure on your resumes while at the same time making a position for yourself in the company. The projects can range from freelance content writing to surveys, from marketing reports to finance projects. The idea of â€Å"Pull† is to bring the hidden job market to you and this can be achieved by branding and marketing yourself most effectively. As Kevin Donlin says job hunt is nothing but a marketing campaign (2007). The first step is to design an outstanding resume and focus it around your key skills and area of interest. The second is to prepare a set of cover letters that are tailor made for every job genre you are interested in. But these cover letters should be treated as more like sales letters with personalized greetings, your skills proven by numbers and facts, and finally an offer that would blow the employer off and set you apart from other candidates like claiming to save the company millions of

Risk Management in Healthcare | Case Study

Risk Management in Healthcare | Case Study MIA JESSELENE SUGUITAN Risk Management Process Regency rest home and hospital provides assistive works for the day to day living most especially for the people who cannot manage to support their everyday routine. In identifying and characterizing the risk, this is assessing possible risk invaders in the organization and distinguishing possible reasons occurring in a workplace. Vulnerability affects the residents and employee work and its environment, it also tackles about currents assets involving establishments, equipment, appliances and financial status. It is also better to determine the effect or the impact of the said risk in the presence of the likelihood. In reducing possible risk, it is a best benefit in the part of employees and for the resident for the better provision in the future. Thus, this depends on the process of what the rest home and hospital measures every performance and its management styles. Examples of management process; Risk assessment process at Regency Rest Home and Hospital which includes (a)identifying and characterizing risk in the organization, (b)assessing vulnerability and assets to specific threats as scaled from 0%-100%,(c) determining the risk and the consequences in the likelihood,(d)different ways to reduce risk in the rest home and hospital,(e)prioritizing risk based on strategy. Residential risk a.1 Risk of fall and slips from the residents during the given shift. Scattered wires and adaptors inside the establishments. Side rails improperly laid up. Poor housekeeping on the equipment’s and appliances. b. The health and safety of the employee and the residents would affect the day to day activities. This might likely arise about 20% within people vulnerability assets. c. In the impact of likelihood this would affect the resident day to day activity and cannot able to help his/herself personal recreational stuffs. d. To reduce risk there should be; Be proper housekeeping of appliances and equipment’s after used. After any activity done for a patient always remember when putting back on her bed most especially for aggressive residents, always put side rails up. And if rails are not available always put pillows on each side of the bed. Put up signage to prevent injuries. e. Avoidance the risk of possible falls or slips and do something to avoid any accidents that would affect not only on the health and safety of the residents but also on the part of each employee. a.2 Risk of improper handling and assisting care to the residents most particularly on their personal hygiene. Taking bath on residents that involves in washing their private parts. Tidying their wardrobe and room every after washed. b.10% would possibly affect the residents personal rights on to her/his own needs in caring their body. Since some of the residents can still manage to clean their selves, we still need to supervise their activity and asked if they need assistance. Another is other residents cannot able to look up their personal regimens so, a full assistance is needed for them. This would also affect the reputation of the rest home and hospital if someone would report any malicious act as every activity is ongoing, example is when bathing and washing their private parts. c. The impact of likelihood would be, since some of the residents experienced dementia (loss of ability to think properly especially on his/her daily routines) in rendering health care services unexplained procedures in residents, may feel unprotected and abuse in the site of their caregivers/health care assistance. And for other residents reputation from the care givers would probably ungreatful. d. To reduce risk; Inform consent and explain any activity to be done. Respect resident privacy in carry out cares. Encourage resident to improve level of independence like in their personal hygiene and activities. Correct use of mobility aids or with the assistance from the fellow employee member. e. Limit the risk in this situation because this is considered as a part of the daily activity wherein residents should always be seen nice and tidy every day. Making sure that every residents are respected and informed any procedures to be than on the course of any activity to prevent any faults. Employee/staff member risk a.3 Risk in Improper delegation of tasked on the course of assigned shift. Miss communication between staff and staff members in designating proper tasked. In coherent data assessment that would effect on the future needs of a residents. b. 20% would affect staff members and not doing healthy in the career would be liable by negligence in the part or rendering care to residents. c. The impact of risk in likelihood would be a negative and unhelpful outlook to each employee and colleagues. Also it affects the reputation of the institution itself to the other residents who wanted to be a part of the associate. d. To  ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­reduce risk; Willingness to complete the tasked in time, given to each employee positive and helpful outlook toward every residents and colleagues Active discussion and problem solving for the members of the staff. Completes distributed tasked. Show consideration to the other colleagues and to the residents Ensures planned works can meet the needs of every resident Participate scheduled staff meetings and discussions. e. Limit the possible result of miscommunication, if possible mingle and have knowledge on things with the members of staff and adjust with the team member and staff to minimize extent of risk. Disaster risk a.4 Risk in Fire inside the establishment especially on the assigned wing. Facilities, equipment and appliances are damage. Residents and employees of the establishment would experience injuries during any fire outbreak. b. About 5% to be roughly to happen. Critical assets like the building, the equipment’s, appliances and scarcity of money would affect the health and safety of every resident and employee as well. c. The impact of likelihood is fire would occur establishments would fall down into business, financial would affect the employee’s job and the lost properties. d. To reduce risk; Have knowledge and understanding on the emergency situation especially on fire Reports any hazard and damages in the equipment used while on shift. Attendance to one fire exits Have knowledge in fire manual Have knowledge and responsibilities in fire alarm sound. Have knowledge in hazard reporting Have knowledge on how and where to report damage e. Transfer in the risk, this would help residents from having any grievances and on the part of the employee’s health and safety of residents, their selves, is their first priority. There are ways in securing residents lives like transferring residents into a near facilities if accident may happen. Prioritizing the Risk From highest to lowest prioritization. 1. Improper delegation of tasked during the assigned shift. 2. Risk from falls and slips during the shift. 3. Risk in handling and assisting residents on their personal routine 4. Risk from fire in the premises. Risk management frameworks and The Principles In risk management framework, it overviews goals, objectives, qualitative and quantitative parts of an organization. COSO framework has been introduced and this was used by every business and management in dealing uncertain threats and risk than may encounter in a workplace. It defines as a process, where it affects the peoples entity applied in a setting to recognize possible risk to ensure achievement of a certain objectives most especially in the industry you are working for. Entity objectives with its category; Strategic Operational Reporting Compliance In event identification, it identifies risk and opportunities in a certain workplace. It may result into a negative or positive outlook of every people. Involves identifying those cases, like internally or externally, that could affect strategy and reaching the objectives that they want.it also talks how internal and external factors combine and interact to influence the management risk. For example; Events from a disaster like fire, this is identified as a part of an event that would happen anytime or in the future and it needs a proper management caution if ever this will occur. In risk assessment, allows an entity to recognize the extent to which latent events might impact objectives. Assesses risks from viewpoints or the perception in the impact of likelihood. Is used to assess risks and used to quantify the related objectives. For example; In events like fire, risk could cause burns from equipment, appliances and establishment. Also it affects the residents and the staff member as well. Abrasions, contusions and concussions would likely experienced, and unexpected events like this must have identify measures of management. Works a combination of both qualitative and quantitative risk assessment organizations. Risk response, measures the degree and cost of impact in a likelihood. And also it evaluates the possible response of an identified risk. In control activities, this is the application of general information to control possible risk or events that would occur. In information and communication this pertains the time frame of an employee on its works on how he/she carries out responsibilities. The most effective ERM component is the monitoring wherein there is a separate evaluations for each activity that has been done in a day. Internal control and integrated framework includes objective setting as an isolated component. Objectives is a part of the qualification for internal control. It also expands the financial reporting and risk assessment. The components of a risk management in a workplace is very helpful if risk occurs. Strategies in risk assessment would quantify the proportion of cause of a certain risk. The entity and division level, for as a healthcare assistance or caregivers has a big part on the residents lives more likely in assisting and rendering care for them. Part of the risk management process within an organization. And examples of each step a. Determine the objectives at Regency Rest home and hospital. To Support residents on the activities of the day to day that will reflects on the resident’s level of dependency. To actively promote and maintain environmental safety for the residents To provide a service to all residents that is considerate and professional To work effectively as a team member for the betterment of the work. To support every residents on their social need For example, in every task that we do, we involve our patients/residencies independency, like tooth brushing, changing clothes and others. We provide support for all their care especially to those who can’t able to upkeep his/her self. The establishments has a variety of facilities wherein residents can join the fan like watching concerts in the lounge with their fellow residents. b./c.Identify exposures to loss and the Measure exposures from the organization. In determining loss, â€Å"threats† are the most consequence that results in a loss of some part of category of an organization. Example of loss; Financial about 70-80% is the scale because the organization like the rest home and hospital depends on the net income. And the equipment, insurance compensation of every employee, re-furbish of the establishment and many more. Liability 20-30%this covers the defending claim of the residents to the employee on the management activities. For example; When caregivers forgets to put up side rails during or after care on bed, most especially if the residents is aggressive this will be known as Negligence to work. Personal loss 10-15% likely to happen like personal injury, real properties and personal property. Such as fire which could affect organization and the establishment as well. Checklist and surveys can be a helpful in determining exposure to loss. d.Select alternatives on the organization Brainstorming, listening or noting of alternatives, is an outstanding discovery process. Once you have listed alternatives, be open to their opportunities. For example; When having an orientation to every staff members everyone is allowed to share comment and suggestions in relative to the topic they are discussing. And also data gathering like time of washing, if they had bowel or not and also in feeding resident, we make sure they are listed because this will help employee to make resolution if some of the activities are maintain. e.Implement a solution at Regency Rest Home and Hospital Risk management is a series of action composed or made-up of well-defined steps which when taken in order, support better decision making by contributing to a greater insight into risks and their impacts. By acquiring effective risk management there are techniques that can help improved safety and quality. As healthcare settings vary greatly in their day-to-day function, it is not possible to provide a one appropriate all approach to risk management. At this stage all the information gained brought together to consider what actions should be taken. In order to make this process, consider how the level of risk will be affected by the planed alleviation strategies. EXAMPLE: Avoiding the risk: avoiding risk to get become worst. Selecting other lower risk procedure. Reducing the risk: can be reduced through preventative measures, and perform the required task and minimize the risk. Transferring the risk: getting another individual or team to assist or perform that are better equipped or have more experience in doing the task. Retaining the risk and managing: strategies include using PPE (PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT). f. Monitor and review the outcomes of risk management. Monitoring is very broad, its just not mean to check on what is happening overall. Monitoring can be useful enough for setting what is wrong and making good things to a better one. Monitoring is not just merely watching or observing because it will look like it was a passive monitoring. The best way to monitor things out in an organization is the combination of watching/observing with the aid of listening, because listening was the way of at least knowing the reaction of the people lower than the management and for those people whom you are giving your care. And employees are good basis of information. For example; In giving or assisting residents in their personal regimen, residents may comment to their caregivers how appreciated they are helping them in performing their daily routine and as per observation by their fellow employee feedbacks will turn unto you and this will give a better chances either to renew a contact or not all. Strategies for Language Translation | Dissertation Strategies for Language Translation | Dissertation Introduction The present dissertation is largely based on research in the field of translation. Translation is an influential valid feature of our society, and it symbolizes one of the most important aspects in shaping the upcoming course of the planet. . The translators tasks are complex and refer to his/her abilities of dealing with every aspect of the process of translation. The power of translator lies in his/her responsibility for his/her end product. I chose this topic because I believe translation is part of everyones life and it has profound implications in our society. The translation is defined and influenced by the type of source text, the target readers understanding, the context, the translators skills and the linguistic and cultural differences between the source language and the target language. My approach is two-fold: a theoretical perspective A. Theoretical considerations and a practical one B. Application. The first part explains what the translator tasks imply and what factors influence the translational competence, analyzes the characteristics of these skills, offering guidelines and methods of approach for a better understanding. The second part deals with the problems I encountered while translating a part of Ultima noapte de dragoste, à ®ntà ¢ia noapte de război by Camil Petrescu. In the first chapter, â€Å"Who are translators†, I shall try to define the translators profession, what important tools influence the activity of translation as well as what skills a translator should possess in order to be a competent translator. The first subchapter, â€Å"Skills of reading and writing† regards the translators tasks of decoding and encoding a text to offer the correct meaning in his/her translation. The next sub-chapters, â€Å"Subject area and Contrastive knowledge† and â€Å"Source language and Target language knowledge† describe why a translator should be specialized in various fields and the differences between the two languages regarding the language systems and cultures. In the second chapter, â€Å"Factors that influence the translational competence†, I shall begin by theorizing translational competence, which refers to all those factors that lead to perfection in translation. The first subchapter, â€Å"Psychological factors†, underlines the effect of psychology on the process of translation. â€Å"Knowledge of translation theory†, the next subchapter, describes the norms of the field of translation, which help the translator to render the overall meaning of the source text and to have the same effect on the readership. The third subchapter, â€Å"The quality of translation. Efficiency of text analysis†, analyzes what a translator should avoid in order to ensure a correct translation and to establish the necessary level of quality. â€Å"Culture† and â€Å"Experience†, the next subchapters refer to how the knowledge of the source and target culture as well as the experience in the field help the translator to make the right decisions in translation. The second part of the dissertation contains five chapters, which rely on the translation The last night of love, the first night of war. The first chapter, â€Å"The process of translation† presents the steps taken in the process of translation. â€Å"Source text and Target text analysis† deals with analyzing the extratextual and intratextual factors for each of the two languages. The last chapters â€Å"Identification of translation problems† and â€Å"Comments on translation† regard what translation problems were found during the translation process and I will discuss as well the translation difficulties and the way they were solved. The last chapter contains the translation of the first part of the novel by Camil Petrescu. Being a proficient translator may be a quality that comes by nature or by continuous practice. I strongly believe that although theory helps, it is practice that actually leads to perfection in translation. A. Theoretical considerations 1. Who are translators? Translation is one of the various means of communication existing and, from this point of view, it is very important because it establishes a connection between at least two languages, two cultures, two nations; at verbal level it helps transferring their characteristic elements from one into the other as well as understanding them. Not giving it importance equates with a total isolation from the rest of the world. A translation involves three parties, of which the third one, represented by the translator, is the most important. His responsibility is enormous because the burden of transferring the message presses over his shoulders. Knowing a foreign language and the subject is not as important as being sensitive to language and being competent to speak his own language clearly and resourcefully. For a good speaker avoids not only errors of usage but also mistakes of fact and language simply by applying his good sense. A translator has also to have flair and a so-called â€Å"sixth sense†, which is compounded of intelligence, sensibility, intuition and knowledge. S/he perhaps more than any other practitioner of a profession, is continually faced with choices and has to be very careful and extremely fast in making them. If I were to draw a line between translation and the translator and to state which ones importance is greater, I would say that a translation cannot be achieved without the appropriate person to do it, i.e. the translator. The same applies to the translator, who fades away without the core of his profession. They depend on each other and are vital for the welfare of this world. An element of great importance for a translator is the professional pride, a consideration higher than money, because s/he can fell her/his work is appreciated. I believe this is the case not only for in-house people, but also for freelancers. Even a high salary would not motivate as much a translator as the pride in the work. The professional integrity comes with the idea of being reliable, involving in the profession and respecting the ethics. Reliability means doing the job as to meet the users needs. The translator is in a position of translating the texts that the user needs, in the style the client wants them to be translated, and by a deadline requested by the user. The attempt to become a reliable translator may sometimes bring about assignments that are impossible to achieve for many reasons: the texts are morally inappropriate, the necessary work is consumptive or the experience is not enough to deal with such a text. The translator involves in his profession in many ways. If s/he participates to courses and conferences in the field, this will consolidate the professional self-esteem that will definitely encourage and motivate them to accept different challenges: Reading about translation, talking about translation with other translators, discussing problems and solutions related to linguistic transfer, user demands, nonpayment, and the like, taking classes on translation, attending translator conferences, keeping up with technological developments in the field, buying and learning to use new software and hardware − all this gives us the strong sense that we are not isolated underpaid flunkies but professionals surrounded by other professionals who share our concerns. Involvement in the translation profession may even give us the intellectual tools and professional courage to stand up to unreasonable demands, to educate clients and employers rather that submit meekly and seethe inwardly. Being a translator does not mean only being involved in a work that s/he loves but also earning a living. Professional translators know the quality of their work and they will charge their clients according to this criterion. Of course, the amount of money is proportional with the volume of their assignments and the speed they work with. Probably translators are expected to translate fast; usually in-house translators translate fast, but the work in an agency is different from that of a freelancer. Freelancers have a different rhythm of their work and, if they do translations faster, this will bring more money for them. Of course, if one translates for pleasure and amusement, there is no need for being fast. They savor every step in the process and tend to deal with one paragraph for hours. Many factors influence the translation speed. One of them is typing speed. It helps the translator to write rapidly his/her ideas on the computer. Another factor of importance is the degree of text difficulty. A difficult text will slow down the process of translation and will take much more time do it. The continuous practice and experience makes the translator to process easily the difficult words and structures. The same situation is for how the familiar the text will be for the translator. Other factors that interfere in the process of translation are the personal style and the general mental state of the translator. The use of translation memory software is very helpful for a translator and increases the translation speed. Besides these advantages, many things should be taken into account: if the volume of translation is reduced, this will not warrant the cost of the software. Usually, in-house translators use this software. Large corporations usually need a great volume of translations and address to them and not to freelancers. This software is helpful only with texts in digital form; it is not helpful in the case of literal translation. However, freelancers who work for different agencies and who have a high-volume of assignments say that the use of translation memory software is very helpful though it is not very creative. 1.1. Skills of reading and writing The translators knowledge of translation theory and the skills of reading and writing a text are definitely of paramount importance for the quality of the translation. The ethics of translation speak about the way in which a translator should understand the text that needs to be translated, how to recognize the authors intention in order to render the appropriate message into the target language. The translator has to analyze the text linguistically, culturally, philosophically, even politically, if necessary. The first step is to get a general reading and then a closer one to establish the characteristics of that text. The translator has to know how to identify the authors attitude to the subject matter. S/he also must pay special attention to the type of language that is used, grammatical structures, register, rhetorical function, genre, the use of modals and especially to the needs and expectations of the target audience. It is known that all these ethical rules are taught because they do not come instinctively. Usually, if they come naturally, they surely come by experience. A professional translation often arises at the subliminal level due to the fact that the translator has an analytical feeling which helps him/her finding the solutions to those problems that are somehow similar to precedent situations. The novice translators are taught analytical guidelines to help them becoming familiar with the rules and, at the same time to become proficient, without being aware of it. The wheel of experience shows how this analysis of the brain becomes a sort of second nature for the translator during the process of translation. Another reading guideline for the translator is to decide the emotional tone and the degree of formality of the source text. Determining the audience of the target text shows how the target language should be structured, deciding to whom it is addressed, to the educated, the average literate audience or others. Children are a special audienc e and the message is different according to the age, the degree of familiarity with the stories, the amusement that the translation provokes and many others. Eugene Nida explains how the ability of decoding a text should work: Decoding ability in any language involves at least four principal levels: (I) the capacity of children, whose vocabulary and cultural experience are limited; (2) the double-standard of new literates, who can decode oral messages with facility but whose ability to decode written messages is limited; (3) the capacity of the average literate adult, who can handle both oral and written messages with relative ease; and (4) the unusually high capacity of specialists (doctors, theologians, philosophers, scientists, etc.), when they are decoding messages within their own area of specialization. Obviously, a translation designed for children cannot be the same as one prepared for specialists, nor can a translation for children be the same as one for a newly literate adult. The translation has to be the same with the translators intention and point of view and the translator always has to keep in mind the target language readership. The translation of colloquial and intimate phrases are always problematic for the translator and they should be translated carefully. The grammatical analysis helps the translator to understand the relationships between the words and at the same time to help him/her to get the message of the author. It becomes crucial to find the correct meaning of the grammatical constructions given the fact that one construction may have many interpretations or meanings. The problem becomes acute in the case of idioms because they need a special approach when they need to be translated. Eugene Nida and Charles Taber mention the difficulties that arise when translating these expressions: Idioms are typically constructed on quite normal grammatical patterns of phrase structure, but the meaning of the whole idiom is not simply the sum of the meanings of the parts, nor can one segment the meaning (in the many cases where it is complex) and assign a definable portion of the meaning to each grammatical piece (e.g., a morpheme). [] one must treat the entire expression as a semantic unit, even though in the surface structure of the grammar it obeys all of the rules applicable to the individual pieces. Writing skills are as important as reading skills and refer to the ability of writing in a clear and proper form. Translators have to be familiar with different styles of writing according to each domain, as well as with those conventions regarding editing. The skills of reading a source language text are significant qualities for a translator and help him understanding the original text and delivering a translation in an appropriate and correct style. Reading the source text is the first step in the process of translation and the better the translator understands the meaning of the authors intention, the clearest he will render the message into the target language. The understanding of the source text represents a primary ability necessary in the process of translation, followed by a combination between other skills, which will be presented in this chapter. 1.2. Subject area and contrastive knowledge Translators must be aware of the importance of being specialized in various subject fields, such as: medical translation, legal translation, financial translation, technical IT translation, scientific translation, marketing and PR translation, website translation and others. The knowledge of a certain subject area helps the translator to deal with words and constructions that are specific to that domain. Many translators have the courage to say that their knowledge of translation theory allows them to accept texts that need to be translated from different fields. It is somehow premature to say that, especially by a beginner in the field of translation. Of course, an experienced translator may deal easily with this type of texts, but ideally, one should have in mind the necessary training in a particular field. Contrastive knowledge refers to how a translator should be able to find the contrastive elements between the source and target language so as to deliver an accurate message through his/her translation. An analysis should be made at the linguistic level, namely the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels, and the literary one. The syntactic level deals with the analysis at the sentence, clause, phrase and word level. The semantic analysis refers to how the translator examines the relationships between the elements found through syntactic analysis. At the pragmatic level, the translator tries to identify the register features of the text which express the intention of the source language author. After these three steps of analysis, follows the stage of synthesis, a stage that starts on the contrary way, with the pragmatic level. 1.3. Source language and Target language knowledge It is well-known the fact that a translator should possess a good knowledge of both source and target language, in other words, s/he should be a master of the two languages. They have to be fluent in the two languages in order to be able to transmit the proper message and to sound as natural as possible in the target language, using a correct style and terminology. What is also important is to know and apply all the rules concerning editing conventions of the two languages which will help the readability of the target language text. The booklet entitled †Bilingual Skills Certificate and Certificate in Community Interpreting† published by the Institute of Linguists gives an interesting definition on bilingualism: Bilingual service providers are people who possess two sets of skills language and professional skills, so that they can give the same standard of service in the context of two languages and cultures. In order to provide an equal standard of service to all clients, the people providing the service should have adequate standards of training and qualification in both sets of skills. For example, allowing people to give medical advice or gather information upon which medical decisions are made when they are not qualified and solely on the grounds that they happen to speak French or Urdu is as bad as giving good medical advice which cannot be understood. One of the risks that translators are dealing with is that of fooling the brain into thinking that the structures used in the target language are correct merely only because they are correct in the source language. This is especially the case of translators who work in their adopted country as a result of the fact that they begin to think like a native. Keeping up with cultural change is the way in which the translator can understand a language properly and s/he can translate it successfully. For this reason it is said that the best translations are done by native speakers, residents in the country where the target language is spoken. If the translator has the possibility to travel to the source language country to work on different tasks, he will be able to date with the source language and culture and at the same time s/he will maintain the knowledge of the mother tongue at the proper level. The translation always needs to be localized for the intended reader. This is a factor of great importance because it governs choice of language, presentation, the level of the language. The language needs to be elementary but not extremely simple. A competent translator will always know how to adapt his ear to the target language and will use his intuition when it comes to adjust to target language rules. 2. Factors that influence the translational competence The language and the process of thinking are not identical phenomena but they are closely linked and interrelated. If we take into account the language as a communicative process, we need to specify that what it is transmitted or communicated is a message, so it is a semantic content. The verbal expression is dependent on choosing the words and the way of phrasing. For example, the verb to say can be expressed by other verbs with an equivalent or words with an approximate meaning: to communicate, to dispose, to inform, to report, to discuss, to talk, to enlighten, to explain, to remember, to advise, to persuade and many others. Communication becomes concrete exactly by using the perfect word, appropriate for a situation. By using the verb to say instead of all the other verbs, we would express ourselves in a generic, graded way, and practically we would not manage to suggest a rich content. In such a situation, a translator will always have to select carefully the words to express th e intention and the attitude of the source language writer. A good knowledge of a foreign language is not sufficient for being a proficient translator. A translator needs to be a translator by his/her nature. There are many skills that I consider to be the most important, for example the knowledge of translation theory, the ability to analyze, compare and convert texts from one cultural domain into another, the experience in the field, the level of implication in the process of translation and many others. Trying to reach an absolute equivalent is impossible even if the translator detains great resources at the linguistic, stylistic and literary level. Psychological factors also affect the process of translation and speak about the level of translators implication when rendering the message into the target language. The translators way of expression comes and forms itself at the mental level and, based on a specific developed background affects the quality of the translation. 2.1. Psychological factors Due to our way of thinking, a man can decide upon the meaning of an object, phenomena or action connected to his environment. This is possible taking into account the new information by reference to the assimilated and systematized background knowledge. This is a part of the mental process involved in the process of translation. The understanding of a translator can be guided by several intentions or points of view. For example, a complex situation, such as translation, which implies natural, economic, geographic and cultural factors, can be understood under different angles. If a translator doesnt have the necessary knowledge s/he cannot decode the meaning of the original text. The translation has to sound as natural as possible, let alone the fact that it shouldnt contain confusing words so as to make harder the reading and understanding of the audience: †[]it should studiously avoid the translationese formal fidelity, with resulting unfaithfulness to the content and the imp act of the message.† The impossibility of making a perfect translation should not become a frustration for the translator. Of course, there will always be persons who will translate better, but maybe in a different style. Showing empathy for a certain author will positively influence his/her work and style of writing. It is unethical for a translator not to be objective inside the translation process. Nevertheless, it is obvious that s/he will think about translation as the experience in the field tells him/her how to do it. Sometimes the experience guides a translator in choosing the words or expressions. Another psychological factor, altering the meaning of the source language text and imposing, consciously or not, a personal viewpoint on the audience is not a good decision for a translator to take. The translator must try to preserve the uniqueness of a culture, its characteristics and norms. In translation, cultural psychology shows how a concept from a certain historic, social-economic or cultural background of a country or region can be found in another one but does not reflect the same thing as in the first one: Phoenix is a legend in Chinas miraculous animals, on behalf of luck, happiness and elegance, it is believed to ride Phoenix a bike can bring good luck, while in Western culture, the legendary phoenix is a phoenix, a regeneration, Resurrection and other means, so that the goods in the West is not surprising that no one is interested. Consumer psychology has implications in the way in which the consumers interests are motivated. Through a good translation, the promotional character of this type of psychology can attract clients or, on the contrary, not even stimulate them at all to buy a product. For example, Happy Cakesgiving!, a collocation taken from an advertisement about a special and tasteful cake, remembers about Thanksgiving Day, a holiday usually celebrated in the United States and Canada. The construction is very interesting and is in fact an adaptation of the holiday, underlying the importance of it for so many people. It is very hard, if not almost impossible to find an equivalent into Romanian, but a translator may always find a solution to satisfy the audience, adapting somehow the term to the local culture. Ziua deliciului may be a variant with relevance for the Romanian culture, resembling with the structure of Ziua mamei (Mothers Day), Ziua Nationala (National Day), Ziua Unirii (Unification Day) a nd so on. The aesthetic psychology works in translation at the pragmatic level. The artistic words and phrases, the combination of structures that reflect the beautiful, the elegant and graceful utterances are to be translated in the same way into the target language. This is a very hard to achieve due to many reasons. One of them is the specific syntax which makes the difference between the languages. Preserving the rhyme of a Romanian text when translating it into English is very difficult. The thematic structure of a text in Romanian is very hard to render into English. If we take the example of a section from Zamolxis, by Lucian Blaga, we will find that is impossible to preserve the elements of rhythm and rhyme. e.g. MÇÅ ½-mpÇÅ ½rtÇÅ ½Ãƒâ€¦Ã… ¸esc cu cà ¢te-un strop din tot ce creÃ…Å ¸te Ã…Å ¸i se pierde. Nimic nu mi-e strein, Ã…Å ¸i numai marea à ®mi lipseÃ…Å ¸te. I share a drop of all that waxes and wanes. Nothing is alien to me, and the sea alone is absent. Another reason for which it is very difficult to preserve the style of a specific text is the word order, which does not permit the translator to deal easily with the style of the original. In order to realize the message of the source language text, a translator will have to take decisions regarding what it should reproduce, either the forms or the ideas of the original. My belief is that a good translator will always be able to maintain the stylistic characteristics of a text and to construct structures that will transfer the propositional content and communicate the purpose intended by the source language writer. 2.2. Knowledge of translation theory In order to gain recognition in the field of translation, a bilingual speaker has to respect the norms that give him the responsibility over a text. Gideon Toury distinguishes between two groups of norms relevant for the process of translation: preliminary and operational. Preliminary norms deal with two major sets of concerns, which are usually interrelated: those regarding the existence of a definite translation strategy, and those related to the truthfulness of translation. Operational norms refer to the decisions made during the act of translation itself. A faithful translation depends on the correct selection of the appropriate method of translation. There are many people who wrongly believe that literary translation is more important than the technical one saying that the latter contains specific terms that are easy to translate whereas the first one is far more complex. Any translation is a very complex task and requires the same knowledge and responsibility from the part of the translator. One of the roles of the translator is to assist and fulfill the target readers expectations. The principle that governs this idea is that a translator should not transmit only the words to the readers, but the ideas of the source language text. The translators task becomes very difficult to achieve if s/he does not understand properly the referential meaning of a text so as to transfer it correctly to the target language. Another important role of the translator is to produce the same impression on the target readers as the author of the source language produces on his/her own readers. Another guideline stipulated by translation theory is that a translator should correct the misrepresentations, which belong to the extralinguistic reality. S/he has to find if a text has a correct syntax, if it contains stereotype phrases, fashionable general words. If the text is not well written, s/he can interfere in the original text and perform intra- and interlingual translation so as to transmit an appropriate message. A close attention must be paid to word order, false friends, common structures which become unnatural by one-to-one translation, the use of elevated usage of words and idioms or the use of infinitives, gerunds and verb-phrase. The translator should write in his own style and should not use words and expressions that produce an artificial effect on the target text. 2.2.1 Translation methods Paraphrasing Another principle related to the knowledge of translation theory is the use of paraphrase as a solution to those words which do not have an equivalent in the target language, whether they are technical, scientific, literary or institutional terms. In translation theory, to paraphrase means trying to express the signification of a word by amplifying or explaining its meaning: [†¦] is a technical term from linguistics and related disciplines, and is characterized by three specific features: (I) it is intralingual rather than interlingual, i.e., it is â€Å"another way of sayng the same thing† in the same language; (2) it is rigorous, in that there are no changes in the semantic components: no additions, no deletions, no skewing of relationships, only a different marking of the same relations between the same elements; (3) specifically as it relates to back-transformation, it is aimed at restatement at a particular level, that of the kernels. This often happens in the case of poorly written texts or it is also a method used in translating the Bible. The latter case implies many debates because paraphrasing the Bible means an interpretation that tends to be subjective due to the translators point of view regarding religion. Eugene A. Nida points out this idea in his work â€Å"Toward a science of translation†: The dangers of subjectivity in translating are directly proportionate to the potential emotional involvement of the translator in the message. For scientific prose such involvement is usually at a minimum, but in religious texts it may be rather great, since religion is concerned with the deepest and most universal value systems. In some instances it is a translators own sense of insecurity which makes it difficult for him to let the document speak for itself, and in other instances a lack of humility may prompt him to translate without consulting the opinions of those who have studied such texts more fully than himself. So, this method includes not only advantages, for the ability to transmit the message, but also disadvantages because it alters the original meaning. By using a paraphrase, the translator can render the meaning of the source language text. Since this is a way to carry in the target text the intention of the author, the paraphrase shows how s/he can remain faithful to the original. Problems about paraphrasing arise when we try to detect its level of fidelity in the process of translation. Every translator will have his/her own way of interpreting the original text and, thus, an original method of paraphrasing. Sometimes trying to eliminate the use of a paraphrase may result in weakening the text. A special attention should be paid to the substantial sense of a translated work after using the paraphrase. Functional Equivalence Functional Equivalence, also called dynamic equivalence is a method in which the translator tries to reflect the intention of the author in the source language at the expense of the original grammatical structure. Industrial and Commercial Bank of China: Case Study Industrial and Commercial Bank of China: Case Study Abstract International fund raising used to be the domain of multinational companies. MNCs not only source raw material across the world or sell products at many geographical regions, they also scouting for capital all over the world and raise capital where it is cheaper. Investors’ appetite for foreign company shares have also increased manifold and internationalization of equity market across globe is happening at a faster speed. However, internationalization of equity markets has a broader connotation covering entire gamut of FDI, portfolio investment by big ticket players like pension funds, hedge funds and private equity funds and their ilk, this module focuses on equity capital to have been raised by Industrial and Commercial Bank of China from the international market. Why ICBC felt the need to issue equity in markets outside of China ICBC mainly issued equities to foreign markets to strengthen their corporate governance practices, risk management and internal controls, and enhance their treasury operations, asset management, corporate banking and investment banking operations as well as their non-performing loan disposal capabilities. For instance ICBC collaborated with Allianz to develop and provide bank assurance products and services to their customers; and as for American Express, ICBC began and continue to expand their cooperation on bankcard business, risk management and customer service to enhance its financial performance and efficiency. Advantages and disadvantages of issuing equity in foreign markets Through the move of issuing equity in markets outside china, ICBC is able to raise capital denominated in USD and that to huge amount of capital, which may be difficult to raise from the issuer’s home country. By issuing securities in a new market, it is able to expand the investor base. When ICBC’s share listed in a domestic market, analysts in the domestic market start analysing the company, its product; its market share etc. thus indirectly helps in advertising the company. When a foreign ICBC’s shares are listed in a domestic exchange and the foreign company wants to acquire another domestic company, then share swap can be an option for the foreign company. Despite the prime advantages of issuing equity to foreign markets, several obstacles may be present for instance companies have to pay for the, depository fee, listing fee, audit fee and also companies have to recast their annual report as per the GAAP of the foreign country. Attraction of the ICBC in Regards To Providing Exchange Listings to Foreign Investors As host countries are getting advantages of FDI and, the investors are also not far behind in terms of their benefits. Numerous factors attracted ICBC to provide exchange listings to foreign investors in a number of ways. ICBC was mainly attracted to exchange listings as it enhances the domestic competitiveness, provides the opportunity of taking significant advantages of international trade technology, contributes towards increasing of sales and profit, extends sales potentials of the existing products, and maintains cost competitiveness in the domestic market set-up. It also enhances possibilities of business expansion, helps in the process of obtaining global market share, reduce the dependency on existing markets, and also stabilize seasonal market fluctuations (Oman, 2000; Rajan, 2005; Rao et al.,1999). The advantages of FDI have been successfully utilized by ICBC in almost every sector. Why investors should be interested in exchange listings There are many benefits to why investors should be interested in exchange listings for instance income returns and price change. The income return represents periodic cash flows generated by the investment. These include dividends paid for ordinary shares and periodic interest paid for bonds. Stocks that pay dividends typically distribute them quarterly. Government bonds pay interest on a semi-annual basis, and debentures pay interest monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually. Investors whose primary objective is to generate periodic income from their investments focus on the income return. Price change is the increase or decrease in price of the asset in relation to the purchase price or the market price in the previous time. An appreciation in the price of the asset is called a capital gain while a price decline is called a capital loss. The prices of assets such as stocks, bonds, and real estate fluctuate over time in response to a variety of factors such as economic news, in dustry conditions, company`s performance, political conditions, as well as speculation. While the investor expects a capital gain, there is no guarantee that the price will always increase in value. Those investors whose primary investment objective is capital appreciation focus on the price change component of return. Risks for a foreigner associated with investing in ICBC Stocks are volatile investments. The price of a single stock can vary quite widely from day to day, and the factors that cause these price fluctuations are beyond the control of the investor. Buying a widely diversified basket of stocks can be difficult for all but the wealthiest investor. Small investors are better off buying a quality stock mutual fund. Mutual funds pool the investments of many different people in order to buy a diversified set of stocks. This diversified approach helps to reduce the risk inherent in the stock market. As investors near retirement, the amount of stocks in the portfolio should be reduced. Investors who are close to retirement age can no longer afford to take chances with their  money, and that means moving a significant portion of their retirement funds to safer and  more stable investments. Buying and selling stocks costs money in the form of brokerage commissions, and many brokerage firms charge account maintenance fees as well. It is important to look for low cost alternatives when buying and selling stocks. References Allen, F., J. Qian, M. Qian, and M. Zhao (2009). â€Å"A Review of China’s Financial System and Initiatives for the Future,† Chapter 1 of China’s Emerging Financial Markets: Challenges and Opportunities, edited by J. Barth, J. Tatom, and G. Yago, The Milken Institute Series on Financial Innovation and Economic Growth, New York: Springer, 3-72. Bekaert, G., C. Harvey, and C. Lundblad (2005). â€Å"Does Financial Liberalization Spur Economic Growth,† Journal of Financial Economics 77, 3-55. Quinn, D. and A. Toyoda (2008). â€Å"Does Capital Account Liberalization Lead to EconomicGrowth?† Review of Financial Studies 2, 1403-1449.

Evil being Dr Jekyll’s alter ego Mr Hyde Essay

† In each of us, two natures are at war- the good and the evil. All our lives the fight goes on between them one must conquer. But in our own hands lies the power to choose- What we want most to be we are† (Robert Louis Stevenson. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde 1885) Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Born in 1850 into a middle class family in Edinburgh, Robert Louis Stevenson’s Father expected his son to follow in the family tradition and become an engineer. Stevenson, however had other ideas. He was fascinated by literature, but to please his family he studied law, yet he never practised as a lawyer fulfilling his ambition to become a writer. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was a product of Robert Louis Stevenson life. Stevenson’s childhood was blighted by illness and as a result he spent much of his time at home under the care of his much loved nurse Alison Cunningham who told him stories of ghosts, body snatchers and heaven and hell. Stevenson as a result became fascinated by the idea of good and evil in every person. Stevenson’s ill health continued for most of his life and as a result he took laudanum and morphine as well as cocaine for chest problems and depression, other factors which may well have affected his life style and his writing. The Stevenson’s family home was in Edinburgh, but as he grew he travelled more and further, London, Bournemouth, France and the continent. Stevenson’s choice of London as the setting for Jekyll and Hyde was the result of the extreme social divide he witnessed there, the wealth and poverty been vividly displayed. The wealthy affluent London being safe like the character of Dr Jekyll whilst areas of social deprivation were constantly under treat of crime evil and disease, evil being Dr Jekyll’s alter ego Mr Hyde This essay will discuss how the Victorians viewed their rapidly expanding cities. It will also explore how Stephenson uses contrasting scenes and weather descriptions to portray good and evil. As a result of the industrial revolution Victorian Britain saw a massive movement of people from the countryside to major cities. Hugh numbers of houses were built to accommodate these people, but towns quickly became over crowded and unhealthy places. Filthy conditions and the spread of disease was rive amongst the poor and working classes. There was high unemployment and no suffrage for the poor, as a result the middle classes felt a revolution was imminent and felt fearful. Robert Louis Stevenson illustrates a divided city in Mr Utterson and Mr Enfields Sunday walk through the streets of London. They travel through a small quite street, it is described using metaphors â€Å"like a fire in the forest† indicating this street is well kept, a sharp contrast to others in the area, the shutters are described as freshly painted, the brasses well-polished and generally clean. This indicates that the inhabitants here are doing well. And yet at the corner of the same street stands a two story building. The building has only a door on the lower storey, the lack of windows indicating this building has something to hide. It is described as baring the features and marks of prolonged neglect. Stevenson uses the words sinister and sordid to describe this building. The fact that a building of such neglect stands on the same street as the affluent properties gives the reader the sense that everything is not going to be as it first appears in this novel. Stevenson uses this description of a affluence street with the uncharacteristic building an unlikely feature of this street, to prepare the reader for the dual character of Dr Jeklyl on the surface a good respectable person, who is able to turn into a alter ego the evil cruel Mr Hyde. Weather descriptions are used by Stevenson in The Carew Murder Case to depict the depraved nature of Mr Hydes character. The maid in the opening paragraph witnesses the murder of Carew. Stevenson uses graphic detail in his description of the weather on this night to create the atmosphere and set the scene. The association between lightness and goodness is clear; the night is described as been cloudless and lit by a full moon. The moon light on Carews face allows the maid to see his face, which she describes as pleasing to watch, a face breathing innocence and old world kindness. His beauty and innocence giving the impression of goodness. This description of Carew makes his fate all the more shocking and sets the scene for the dramatic moment when the maid witnesses the violent murder of Carew by Mr Hyde. Hyde is described by the maid as the complete opposite to Carew, a man she had previously conceived to dislike having an animalistic appearance. Stevenson continues to use weather descriptions to create a sense of foreboding as Mr Utterson travels through the streets of London to the home of Mr Hyde. Though it is nine in the morning the weather is described as foggy ‘like a great chocolate coloured pall lowered over heaven’ and ‘dark like the back end of morning’, the use of fog and darkness implies a veil to hide and conceal evil. He continues saying that the fog is broken up yet for a moment giving ‘a haggard shaft of day light’ this being only a brief relieve from the ‘mournful reinvasion of darkness’, reinforcing the idea of evil doings and the sorrow associated with this. By using weather descriptions in this way the city of London clearly becomes a dramatic backdrop for Hydes crimes. Victorian society was stricictly religious and therefore encouraged people to hide their sins and repress their desires. In this novel Stevenson offered Victorian society not only a psychological horror but a recognision that there is evil inside all of us, not perhaps to the extremes of Jekyll and Hyde but there is a side we hide, a suggestion that we all have a dual personality! Stevenson uses symbolism to create powerful images, for example doors are tradionally powerful and mysterious symbols they represent public and private spheres, things hidden and reveales. Stevenson refers to doors five times in the opening chapter of this novel. What is also relevant is that the Victorians had a â€Å"front door /back door† rule: the front door represented repectability so only those considered important and of high social status entered though the front door. The back door was used for those considered socially inferior, like servants. Stevenson uses this rule to emphasise Hydes’s social inferiority as he is not admitted through the front door of Jekylls home. What is significant here is that although the reader knows Jekyll and Hydeare one and the same, when Jekyll becomes the depraved Hyde he is evil and socially inferior, a lesson in immorility?

Siddhartha Climax Apotheosis and Ultimate Boon

The climax of a novel or another literary work, such as a play, can be defined as the turning point at which the conflict begins to resolve itself for better or worse. The climax of Siddhartha occurs in the chapter entitled â€Å"By the River,† when Siddhartha hears the word Om while standing at the river as he considers drowning himself. This mystical sound heartens him, restoring his will to live. The moment represents a turning point that eventually leads to his achievement of nirvana. One day Siddhartha’s pain becomes too much and Siddhartha sets off in a desperate search of his son, but stops as he hears the river laughing at him. He looks into the river, sees his own father whom he had left, and turns back, concluding that â€Å"everything that was not suffered to the end and finally concluded, recurred, and the same sorrows were undergone†. Returning to his hut, Siddhartha tells Vasuveda all of this, but as he does, Siddhartha notices a remarkable change in the old man. After listening to Siddhartha, Vasuveda leads Siddhartha back to the river, telling him to listen deeply. At first Siddhartha hears only the voices of sorrow, but these voices are soon joined by voices of joy, and at last all the voices are under the great sound of â€Å"Om. Realizing the unity of these voices, Siddhartha's pain fades away and â€Å"his Self had merged into unity†. He has at last found salvation. Recognizing his friend's achievement, Vasuveda departs into the woods to die, thereby joining the unity he had helped Siddhartha find at last. Siddhartha realizes the unity of all things in the world which is the apoth eosis of the novel. The ferryman is a guide for both the river and the path to enlightenment. The ferryman is positioned between ordinary world and enlightenment, and those who seek enlightenment and are open to guidance will find what they need within the ferryman. The ferryman, however, shows Siddhartha how to find enlightenment within himself. The first time Vasudeva meets Siddhartha, Siddhartha wants only to cross the river, and that is all Vasudeva helps him do. Vasudeva is not a teacher who will simply tell Siddhartha what he should know, but a guide who will lead him where he wishes to go. Years later, Siddhartha searches for knowledge from the river itself, and Vasudeva guides him in his attempts to hear what the river has to say. Siddhartha himself becomes a ferryman after he achieved his goal of attaining nirvana.

How Charlotte Bronte portrays John Reed, Mrs Reed and Mr Brocklehurst in Jane Eyre Essay Example

How Charlotte Bronte portrays John Reed, Mrs Reed and Mr Brocklehurst in Jane Eyre Essay Example How Charlotte Bronte portrays John Reed, Mrs Reed and Mr Brocklehurst in Jane Eyre Paper How Charlotte Bronte portrays John Reed, Mrs Reed and Mr Brocklehurst in Jane Eyre Paper Essay Topic: Jane Eyre Literature Charlotte Bronte was a female writer in the 19th century. She was born in 1816 and suffered the loss of her Mother at the age of 5. She was then moved to a Yorkshire parsonage, and shared a close relationship with her siblings. During their time at the parsonage, they created a fantasy world using nothing but toy soldiers and their imagination. This shows that they were obviously socially deprived, forcing them to socialise via their imaginary characters. One could assume that Charlottes deprived childhood might have contributed to the way in which she portrayed characters in her novels, and the genre. As regards to the question above, Janes character is defined by the meeting of 3 characters; John Reed, Mrs Reed and Mr Brocklehurst. When Jane encounters John Reed, we can see that she is (as a child) a bold character that isnt easily intimidated, without the use of undue violence, and even then Jane is often resilient. A quote that justifies this is: Wicked and cruel boy! You are like a murderer, you are like a slave driver, you are like the Roman Emperors This was Janes retort to one of Johns many childish and spontaneous violent acts. Because of Johns stupidity, he must resort to violence in order to re-gain his role as alpha male, although her retorts often only worsen the situation as Jane knows they irritate John. We also see that Jane likes to be quite isolated from her surroundings; although this could be due to the way she was treated. Evidence that supports this is the quote from the text: With Bewick on my knee, I was then happy: happy at least in my way This shows us that Jane must seclude herself from everything, in order to feel calm. Finally, Janes encounter with John allows us to see that she is a bright, quick-witted character. We know this as she will often relish on Johns stupidity, and use it against him to briefly take the dominant role. Mrs Reed is another aspect of Janes character. Mrs Reed allows us to again, notice the boldness of her character. Mrs Reed is another resentful figure towards Jane, and is often drawn into arguments between Master Reed and Jane. Because of Mrs Reeds hostility towards Jane, she uses such arguments as a way to gang up on Jane, and intimidate her. An example of this from the text would be: Take her away to the red-room and lock her in there The quote above shows Mrs Reed punishing Jane/defending John, despite her not seeing what actually happened. Mrs Reed most likely feels burdened by Janes imposing presence, or possibly even threatened; thus provoking her hostility. This only further tempts Jane into a retort, thus starting a vicious circle between the Reeds and Jane. Finally, to sum up Janes character; we meet Mr Brocklehurst. Mr Brocklehurst is a very strict, religious man, who believes in rules such as: Children should speak only when spoken to This reflects as he meets Jane for the first time. He is taken aback by Janes daring, non-submissive attitude, and is obviously used to intimidating children similar to Jane. When the two characters collide we see a new side of Jane. At first she is bold and daring (her usual character), but towards the end of the meeting she because almost submissive. This is due to Mr Brocklehurst offering her a place away from Mrs Reed and John; Lowood school. She sees this as a fresh chance; a chance to make new friends and start over. This causes her to be civil in Mr Brocklehursts presence, and even surprises Mrs reed! After this, Mrs Reed and Jane meet one last time. Jane; knowing she has a new start waiting, launches into Mrs Reed, attempting to provoke guilt. This is a new aspect of Janes character rage. This time Mrs Reed doesnt have her wits about her, and succumbs to Jane, allowing her to take the dominant role. To conclude, the three characters portray Jane as a bright child with elements of anger. We can see that Jane is obviously suffering a deprived childhood, and lacks the love and compassion offered by a true family. Because of this, Jane is left to fend for herself; causing her to mature quickly for her age, and experience strong emotions of what could possibly be described as depression. In spite of this, she is a bold, determined girl who wont let such feelings get to her. All in all Jane a mixed character.

black in hollywood essays

black in hollywood essays Film critics, industry flaks, and even some black entertainers have tumbled over themselves shouting the praises of Hollywood for picking three blacks for its top awards. They repeatedly toss around the words history-making to describe the feat. It isnt. In 1973, Cicely Tyson and Paul Winfield in Sounder, and Diana Ross in Lady Sings the Blues were nominated for the leading awards. And during most of the 1990s blacks have often been nominated for best acting and supporting acting roles. Five have won Oscars for supporting roles. An industry spokesperson quickly shot back that this was guesswork, and that no one knows or cares what the racial identities of the Academy voters are, and that their vote for Smith, Washington, and Berry proved that the voters are race-neutral. But Hollywood isnt. In the 74 years that the Academy has showered its top awards on its leading lights, exclusive of the Poitier best male actor award, blacks have fared dismally on and after Oscar night in Hollywood: Barely two percent of the nearly 300 Oscar awardees have been black. Hattie McDaniel, who won the best supporting actress award for her role as a maid in Gone With The Wind in 1939, was barred from the whites only premier of the film in Atlanta. Only one black has been nominated for a best film director award. No blacks have been nominated for a best film writer award. Blacks are still grossly underrepresented in the Directors and Writers Guilds, and the 4,000-member union local that includes decorators and property managers. Then there are the parts that garnered much critical praise for Washington, Smith, and Berry, and that got them their Academy nods. The roles of W ashington, as a foul-mouthed, rogue cop, Smith as the clowning Ali, and Berry as a sexually lustful widow skirt the thin line between knockout dramatic excellence and reinforcing the stereo...

Negative Letter (Health-Insurance) Personal Statement

Negative Letter (Health-Insurance) - Personal Statement Example Catherine's is included in a different HMO plan. Since St. Catherine is not covered by your current HMO coverage, the company will not be able to reimburse the costs from your surgery. In the future, you may switch your coverage to one of the plans that includes St. Catherine's Hospital during the next open enrollment period, but past surgeries can not be covered. If you are concerned about covering your current surgery balance, you may want to contact our local credit union since it is offering excellent rates on short-term loans. The company has referred previous debt management situations with the local credit union and patrons have reported a high success and satisfaction rate. The head of accounting and payroll, Joan Bean, is capable of assisting you with debt management. Her e-mail address is Jbean@company.net and she can assist you in choosing an option that will best fit your financial concerns. I will inform her of the situation so that she may have some options available upon your request. Each of the Company's selected HMO packages offers excellent coverage to specified locations and medical professionals. If you have any specific questions regarding your benefits package, please don't hesitate to contact me. I can provide you with another welcome packet that outlines the specific benefits and locations offered by your selected HMO provider.

How do School Districts Differ in their Student Achievements Assignment

How do School Districts Differ in their Student Achievements - Assignment Example The state requirement indicator was 75 percent, a mark that most schools in other districts similar to Cleveland surpassed since they got 81.3 percent. Cleveland performed poorly compared to similar districts; in comparison to the average performance for the whole state, Cleveland still fell short. On the contrary, Shaker Heights showed a remarkably different picture compare to that of Cleveland. Its performance fell short in comparison to other similar districts but better compared to that of Cleveland. Shaker Heights had the worst performance in 8th grade achievement where 66.2 percent out of the expected 75 percent proved proficient in science. Other indicators that Shaker Heights School District fell short were 7th and 8th grade mathematics, and 8th and 9th grade science. In addition, the School District did not meet the adequate yearly progress (Ohio Department of Education, 2012). There are many possible reasons for the difference in performance between schools in poor areas, i n comparison to those in wealthier areas. First, in wealthy backgrounds there is enough money to pay teachers well. A fair wage is an effective motivator making teachers in wealthier schools more motivated to teach better than their colleagues in in poor areas. Second, the different may lie in the students themselves; with students from wealthy backgrounds attending classes more frequently than those from poor backgrounds since the latter usually have family problems that may interfere with their education. The students from wealthy backgrounds may also be motivated to work harder due to the assurance of securing a decent job after school. On the other hand, students from poor backgrounds do not work hard at school due to demotivation from unemployment even among the educated. Finally, the difference in school performance may lie in the schools themselves. Rich schools have bigger and spacious classes, more books, research materials and teachers that are more qualified with better t eaching aids, and a more suitable learning environment in comparison to poor schools. Question 2 (a): Does Florida education website contain information for individual schools in a given district? Yes, Florida does have an education website with information for the performance of schools in all districts, though with a different format compared to that of Ohio. Question 2 (b): If so, look up the most recent data regarding student achievement for Miami-Dade County District, and Youth Co-op Charter School. How does Youth Co-op Charter School compare with other schools in Miami-Dade County Public School district? The Youth Co-op Charter School has a better performance than many other schools in the district. For instance, 100 percent of the students in Youth Co-op Charter School did their exams while only 29.6 percent of the registered students in the whole district did their exams. In the school, an average of 76.125 percent students in 11th and 12th grade scored between 3 and 5 in th eir exams while only 41.1 percent scored the same grade in the school. Though there is no ranking of schools by performance, this shows that Youth Co-op Charter School ranks highly in the district and is one of the top schools, if it is not the